心理咨询的神经科学基础

心脑关系一直是心理学和神经科学研究领域关注的焦点.来自动物学、创伤神经心理学的多项研究表明,心理活动的改变也会积极地改变神经生理活动甚至结构,这给了心理咨询深层的支持和启示.心理咨询与药物治疗有许多相近的生理机制;心理咨询作为一个帮助个体学习的过程,有着从结构上永久性重新连接神经环路的可能.神经科学技术的引入,不但可进一步证实和解释心理咨询的功效,而且将从更科学的高度指导心理咨询的实施.     

Exploring Neuroscience: A Guide for Getting Started

Neuroscience becomes more relevant for disciplines pertaining to children's development and education with each passing year. Thus, there is an urgent need for scholars and practitioners in these disciplines to educate themselves about the structure, function, and development of the brain, and to explore the neuroscience literature connected with their areas of professional expertise. A detailed rationale, study strategies, and resources for beginning this process are presented, based on the author's recent experiences. They provide a framework and specific guidelines for those who wish to begin to integrate a neuroscience perspective into their teaching, research, and interactions with the community, and they may arouse the curiosity of those who are not yet interested. Numerous examples of pertinent neuroscience research are included.     

Exploring Neuroscience: A Guide for Getting Started

Neuroscience becomes more relevant for disciplines pertaining to children's development and education with each passing year. Thus, there is an urgent need for scholars and practitioners in these disciplines to educate themselves about the structure, function, and development of the brain, and to explore the neuroscience literature connected with their areas of professional expertise. A detailed rationale, study strategies, and resources for beginning this process are presented, based on the author's recent experiences. They provide a framework and specific guidelines for those who wish to begin to integrate a neuroscience perspective into their teaching, research, and interactions with the community, and they may arouse the curiosity of those who are not yet interested. Numerous examples of pertinent neuroscience research are included.     

The Neuroscience of PowerPointTM

Many concepts have been published relevant to improving the design of PowerPoint^TM (PP) presentations for didactic purposes, including the redundancy, modality, and signaling principles of multimedia learning. In this article, we review the recent neuroimaging findings that have emerged elucidating the neural structures involved in many of these concepts. First, we explore the research suggesting that the brain utilizes similar structures to process written text and oral speech leading to neural competition and impaired performance during dual linguistic text/audition tasks (redundancy principle). Next, we examine research that demonstrates that the brain processes visual images in a manner different from and parallel to oral speech leading to improved performance during dual nonlinguistic visual/audition tasks (modality principle). Finally, we look at how the brain responds to contextual and direct attention cues (signaling principle). We link this research to PP design and suggest a number of concrete ways to implement these findings to improve the didactic strength of slide‐show presentations.     

Child Development and Neuroscience

Although developmental psychology and developmental neuroscience share interests in common problems (e.g., the nature of thought, emotion, consciousness), there has been little cross-fertilization between these disciplines. To facilitate such communication, we discuss 2 major advances in the developmental brain sciences that have potentially profound implications for under standing behavioral development. The first concerns neuroimaging, and the second concerns the molecular and cellular events that give rise to the developing brain and the myriad ways in which the brain is modified by both positive and negative life experiences. Recurring themes are that (1) critical, new knowledge of behavioral development can be achieved by considering the neurobiological mechanisms that guide and influence child development, and (2) these neurobiological mechanisms are in turn influenced by behavior.     

从神经科学到教育研究

教育应重视大脑发展规律并根据相关规律科学实施教育活动。但囿于人类对大脑及其活动探讨本身的成果局限,基于大脑活动规律而设计的教育实践及理论略显空泛。近年来,此现状大有改观。笔者从生理方面、语言习得、第二语言习得和阅读、计算四个方面介绍了神经科学领域关于教育的最新研究成果,向教育研究者和教师、家长提供教育活动背后的“被教育者”的认知神经活动过程,以期思考如何提高教育实践的质量和有效性。     

视觉审美与神经科学

最近几十年来,借助科技革命提供的先进设备和研究手段,神经科学获得了突破性发展.其中,视觉系统以其在动物和人类生命活动中的极端重要性,得到了神经科学研究者更为全面、深入的探究.视觉审美研究,应积极吸收其成果,以促进相关研究的有效深入.     

感情神经科学研究进展

感情神经科学这一学科关注的是情绪和心境的潜在神经基质。近年来,感情神经科学通过使用功能神经成像、行为实验、电生理记录、动物和人类的损害研究及动物和人类的行为实验等方法和技术,以在神经生物学和心理学水平更好地理解情感和情绪。本文首先对感情神经科学的发展历史进行回顾;接着简要概述了几个主要大脑区域对情绪加工的贡献;最后指出了感情神经科学的未来方向。     

The Future of Educational Neuroscience

The primary goal of the emerging field of educational neuroscience and the broader movement called Mind, Brain, and Education is to join biology with cognitive science, development, and education so that education can be grounded more solidly in research on learning and teaching. To avoid misdirection, the growing worldwide movement needs to avoid the many myths and distortions in popular conceptions of brain and genetics. It should instead focus on integrating research with practice to create useful evidence that illuminates the brain and genetic bases as well as social and cultural influences on learning and teaching. Scientists and educators need to collaborate to build a strong research foundation for analyzing the “black box” of biological and cognitive processes that underpin learning.     

认知神经科学领域的自尊研究

认知神经科学是在综合心理学、神经学、社会学等学科基础上发展起来的一门交叉型学科。近年来认知神经科学领域的自尊研究是在自我评价神经机制研究的基础上对自尊的神经机制展开研究和探索的。核磁共振技术(FMRI)研究的证据表明:自我评价的神经表征主要涉及脑区中的内侧前额叶及周边区域,认知评价和情感效价分别对应于大脑中不同的脑区。事件相关电位技术(ERP)的研究结果表明:自我评价能够诱发更大的P300成分,并且自尊对记忆和注意都会产生认知加工偏向。目前自尊的认知神经科学研究还存在研究方向较为单一、与临床应用联系不紧密等问题。     

教育神经科学的领域建构

教育神经科学是将生物科学、认知科学、发展科学和教育科学等学科的知识与技能进行深度整合的具有独特话语体系的一门新兴学科。教育神经科学重视整体人的研究与培养,因此将为教育奠定坚实的基础。建立研究基地、开设专业课程、对教师进行培训、形成共同的话语体系等是促进教育神经科学健康发展的重要保证。     

Early Language Learning and Literacy: Neuroscience Implications for Education

The last decade has produced an explosion in neuroscience research examining young children's early processing of language that has implications for education. Noninvasive, safe functional brain measurements have now been proven feasible for use with children starting at birth. In the arena of language, the neural signatures of learning can be documented at a remarkably early point in development, and these early measures predict performance in children's language and pre‐reading abilities in the second, third, and fifth year of life, a finding with theoretical and educational import. There is evidence that children's early mastery of language requires learning in a social context, and this finding also has important implications for education. Evidence relating socioeconomic status (SES) to brain function for language suggests that SES should be considered a proxy for the opportunity to learn and that the complexity of language input is a significant factor in developing brain areas related to language. The data indicate that the opportunity to learn from complex stimuli and events are vital early in life, and that success in school begins in infancy.     

Making Cognitive Neuroscience Educationally Relevant: Creating Bidirectional Collaborations Between Educational Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience

Not only should educational psychologists keep abreast of developments in the rapidly evolving field of brain science, but also they should contribute their knowledge of higher cognitive functioning and instructional interventions to this field. Linking imaging studies with instructional studies may shed light on causal mechanisms in brain function. The importance and challenges of studying the brain at different levels of analysis are discussed and illustrated with examples from the reading literature and the deafness literature.     

教育神经科学的超学科研究范式

根据库恩的范式理论,新的研究范式的形成标志着新的科学的诞生。目前,国际上教育神经科学的研究已经呈现出其独特的研究范式,这些研究范式的重要特征是超学科性。这种超学科性体现在本文所阐述的哥伦布法、教育中的群组研究法、溯因推理法、复杂学习系统的整体研究法和内部效度与生态效度并重的现场实验法中。     

Genetics and Neuroscience in Dyslexia: Perspectives for Education and Remediation

ABSTRACT— Our understanding of the causes of a developmental disorder like dyslexia has received recent input from both neuroscience and genetics. The discovery of 4 candidate genes for dyslexia and the identification of neuronal networks engaged when children read and spell are the basis for introducing this knowledge into education. However, the input from educational practitioners as well as empirical knowledge from research on learning also contribute significantly to our understanding of how children acquire the basic skills for learning to read and spell. It is imperative to merge the knowledge acquired from research in the fields of neuroscience, genetics, and empirical education, as well as to understand how the learning brain and instruction interact. Doing so can be seen as a major step in attaining an optimal approach for teaching, reading, and spelling and for finding the best suited and most effective treatment concepts for dyslexic children and adolescents.