教学领导的概念创生与理论演进——基于菲利普·海林杰教授访谈的叙事与思考

教学领导是教育领导领域十分重要且经典的理论模型,自上世纪80年代被提出以后,至今仍对理论和实践具有重要的影响力。本世纪以来,伴随"为学习的领导"研究热潮的兴起,教学领导理论再次得到关注。基于对教学领导理论和工具的主要创立者—菲利普·海林杰(Philip Hallinger)教授的专题访问,文章从亲历者和见证人的视角还原了这个标志性教育领导理论创生的历史过程,呈现了其在竞争性领导理论、多元文化情境以及不断升级的教育改革实践所编织的复杂背景中起落沉浮、渐进演化的脉络图景。文章最后着眼于教育领导研究日趋多元的发展格局,对本领域研究从哪里来、到哪里去的根本性议题进行了反思与展望。     

学校道德领导研究综述

在大力倡导以德治国的今天,以德治校已成为教育管理领域中倍受关注的话题。本文从领导者自身修养和领导权威两个角度对学校道德领导这一理念进行阐述,并探寻适合中国学校文化发展的学校道德领导模式。     

Schools and Industry: Some Organizational Considerations (Part 1)

This article explores the concept of interculturalism and its complementary relationship with the Aboriginal Australian idea of ‘both ways’. The need for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal staff to learn to be intercultural teachers and leaders, as well as the needs of the system to work interculturally to achieve educational outcomes, is emphasised. This article suggests that in order for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal educational leaders to work within an intercultural world, new leadership capabilities must be learned and acquired.     

Interrogating conceptions of leadership: school principals,policy and paradox

Currently educational research literature demonstrates wide discussion and endorsement of ‘distributed’ leadership while concurrently traditional, hegemonic forms prevail in practice. This article investigates understandings about educational leadership held by Australian school principals. The article describes the contradictory conceptions about educational leadership currently in circulation. It interrogates underlying assumptions and questions how both hegemonic and newer leadership conceptions and assumptions serve educational leaders. Data from principals around the country and across education systems reinforced the predominance of un-theorised or under-theorised notions about leadership, with similar assumptions found in important policy artefacts and practices. This article emerges from interviews with 100 principals focusing on their professional learning needs, which revealed interesting ideas, issues and dilemmas concerning ‘leadership’. It fills a gap in research on distributed leadership by exploring contradictions inherent in policy, practice and understandings in this area. The article is structured into four sections. First, extant literature on this topic and the research are explained. Second, the article focuses on principals' conceptions about leadership and those inherent within important policy and practical artefacts. A discussion of the findings focuses on the discrepancy between theory and policy endorsement and the views of practitioners. Finally, the article canvasses the implications of the research.     

美国教育领导力评价研究三十年:回顾与启示

本文回顾了1980~2010年美国教育领导力评价研究路向。研究显示,20世纪80年代早期美国兴起了以"校长教学管理评定量表"(PIMRS)为代表的教育领导力测评浪潮;到了90年代初,变革型领导成为美国教育领导力评价的另一风潮;而进入21世纪以来,以学生学习为中心而创建的"范德比尔特教育领导力评估"(VAL-ED)成为新的潮流。注重科学性、多样性和时代性已成为美国教育领导力评价的主要趋向。     

分布式领导概念辨析及对学校组织改善的作用

近年来,分布式领导已成为学校组织改善的新视角和教育管理学界关注的焦点之一.随着分布式领导概念的普遍应用,往往容易与其它类似概念相混淆.同时,由于不同学者的研究角度不同,他们对分布式领导的理解也不尽相同,因此,有必要对分布式领导的概念进行辨别,并区分与其它类似概念的不同.     

A feel for the game – a Bourdieuian analysis of principal leadership: a study of Queensland secondary school principals

Educational leadership discourse has for sometime been the major intellectual pillar of what was once known as the field of educational administration. An examination of the postgraduate coursework programmes available to aspiring principal leaders at every Australian university supports such a contention. While this discourse does shed light on the ubiquitous concept of leadership, it does little to explain the context in which leadership theory is supposed to contribute to the operational environment of schools. This is where Bourdieuian scholarship is particularly helpful. By shedding light on the complex social space in which principal leaders function, Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field and capital are particularly helpful thinking tools. For a variety of reasons the economic field has held philosophical dominance for much of the last 30 years. This has impacted significantly on the work space of principal leadership and needs to be understood if the familiar narratives of leadership theory are to be of contextual use. When investigating the social space of contemporary principal leadership, my recent study of two sets of Queensland‐based principals will be used. The emergence of enterprise bargaining into the workspace of these principals will be used as a means by which to demonstrate the cross‐field contagion of the economic field on to the field of schools. The paper contends that the field of educational administration must endeavour to view leadership theory critically and contextually if the complexities associated with contemporary principal leadership practice are to be understood.     

在构建学习型学校过程中教育领导角色与策略分析

文章通过对学习型学校特征以及教育领导概念和角色的分析，认为构建学习型学校的首要策略是树立学习型教育领导，如此可以使学校每个人在承担学校的责任上分享领导权力，实现对学校共同利益意识的承诺与尽责，唤起高绩效学校的共同愿景，充分发挥学校组织创新能力。同时探讨了在构建学习型学校过程中教育领导策略：1）建立延伸的领导概念，建构多水平的教育领导；2）教育领导者要确立角色意识，领导学校发展；3）教育领导者要建立清晰的共同愿景；4）建立分享反思的学校学习文化；5）构建高效能的团队学习，促进专业发展；6）建立学习机制，使教育领导产生巨大的创造力。     

Good intentions are not enough: a critical examination of diversity and educational leadership scholarship

An emergent strand within mainstream educational leadership scholarship is an engagement with notions of diversity. This is part of a belated recognition that in an increasingly globalising world the largely masculinist, white norms from which most accounts of leadership derive, lack sufficient explanatory power for educational systems. Utilising critical, black and Indigenous feminist work on the recognition of difference, as well as recent feminist scholarship deconstructing diversity discourses in educational leadership, this article outlines the origins of the key diversity discourses from which the educational leadership field draws. It then analyses recent articles on diversity and educational administration, noting how the various diversity discourses have been taken up and the subsequent implications for educational leadership theorising and practices. It concludes by arguing that critical feminist research about the politics of difference, amongst others, provides an important body of scholarship from which to develop self‐reflexive and nuanced engagements with notions of diversity and leadership.     

Towards a theoretical model of middle leadership in schools

While there has been considerable research activity in the area of middle management / middle leadership since the late 1990s, the concept remains under-theorised and ambiguities persist in relation to who middle managers or middle leaders are and what they do. The recent shift in terminology in the literature from ‘middle management’ to ‘middle leadership’ alludes to evolution in the roles these leaders play in schools. However, without a theoretical model to use as a point of reference it is difficult to describe the nature of such evolution and even more difficult to identify implications for teacher productivity, student outcomes and school effectiveness. This article proposes a model of middle leadership in schools based on an extensive review of the literature. The Middle Leadership in Schools (MLiS) model describes factors that influence middle leadership, possible influences of middle leadership on schools, a typology of roles middle leaders perform and how they might perform them. The article concludes with implications for research and theory building in a still-emergent area within the broader field of educational leadership.     

When Identity and Leadership Intersect: The Experiences of Six Female Principals in South Africa

While literature on the interplay between educational leadership and context abounds, the attention granted to the experiences of female principals has, to a large extent, treated the construction of women as a homogeneous entity. Consequently, very little, certainly within the South African context, is known about how women in leadership positions construct and enact their leadership identities. Drawing on the experiences of six female principals at public schools, this article investigates the extent to which conceptions of gender give shape to the formation of leadership identity. To this end, the focus of the article is to explore the complex intersections of constructions of identity in relation to female principals; and how these constructions hold particular implications for conceptions of gendered leadership in South African schools.     

Bourdieu's misrecognition: why educational leadership standards will not reform schools or leadership

This article examines the concept of misrecognition as advanced by Pierre Bourdieu in the development and implementation of educational leadership standards in the USA and in England. The line of argument advanced is that leadership standards were promulgated as an agenda to control and dominate a contested field in both countries by certain individuals and agencies. The analysis proffers that the steps involved in the creation of national leadership standards will not lead to reform since they are embedded in reified current roles and practices. The net result explains why a nation's educational leadership standards cannot become excellent via standardisation, and why significant educational reform is highly unlikely as a result of the processes employed to construct and impose them on practitioners, universities, schools, and school systems.     

The Leadership of Transition: Correction, Conciliation and Change in South African Education

This paper focuses on educational leadership in the context of social transition to post-apartheid democracy in South Africa. Transitional leaders manifest behaviours, attitudes, values and strategies that are deeply related to the contexts within which they work. Social norms and political climate may not be supportive of educational leaders wishing to rise to the challenge of unplanned transition; however this paper focuses on leaders who take up this challenge. Narratives of three educational leaders, two white and one black, provide an understanding of the complexities and challenges involved in bringing about change that goes against the grain of social, community, or institutional expectations. Five common strands that bind the narratives of the three leaders are revealed. These commonalities are: a sense of moral purpose, a sense of human frailty, a sense of racial inclusion, a sense of political complexity, and a sense of personal growth. In conclusion, seven propositions that may form the building blocks for new ways of thinking about leadership in post conflict societies are presented.     

论教师领导

教师领导是学校迈向学习型学校的必然,其概念是从教学领导、道德领导、转换领导、平行领导特别是分布式领导和参与式领导等学校领导研究中渐渐明晰的。教师领导的实施过程有利于校长成为"领导者的领导",从而放弃"英雄领导"模式;有利于教师的积极参与和专业成长,从而使教师职业具有魅力;有利于学校学习共同体的形成,从而提升学校创造未来的能力,最终达成学生发展的目的。     

Conceptualizing educational leadership in an academic development program

Promoting the development of educational leadership in higher education is essential for strengthening the quality of teaching and learning. Additional research is needed to conceptualize educational leadership, especially within informal roles. We analysed how faculty members in an academic development program conceptualized educational leadership. Five key characteristics emerged that inform the development of educational leadership capacity in postsecondary contexts: affective qualities, mentoring and empowering, action-orientation, teaching excellence, and research and scholarship. Three characteristics of academic programs aimed at developing educational leadership were also identified: funding and resources to implement a change initiative, building interdisciplinary communities, and embracing identity.     

社区教育女性领导力研究——基于上海市徐汇区M社区的思考

女性在社会不同领域中参与水平不断提高。基于上海市徐汇区M社区三位女性领导者的个案,研究社区教育女性领导力的概念及特点,探索社区教育女性领导力提升策略,以及领导力提升的积极影响与挑战。     

Global social issues in the curriculum: perspectives of school principals

In this article, we discuss principals’ perspectives on the priority given to the place in the curriculum of and the supporting practices related to health and sustainability education in schools in Denmark (for pupils aged 6–16). The study is situated within the discourses about critical health and sustainability education and treats the two issues as societal challenges that are important to address in schools as educational examples. We draw on the literature on school leadership challenges linked to global neoliberal trends in educational reform. The context of the study is the ongoing school reform in Denmark. The data were generated through an online survey of principals in Denmark (n = 118). The findings show that although the principals view school as an important arena for health and sustainability education, their actual support for such education lags behind. Health education is prioritized somewhat more than sustainability education; however, both are characterized by insufficient attention to teachers’ professional development and the low prioritization of collaboration within the school and between the school and community actors. Acknowledging the contradicting demands that principals face in the context of the reform, we argue for reconnecting the concept of leadership with the wider purposes of schooling and for providing space for an emergent, whole-school curriculum that addresses health and sustainability.     

Educational leadership and social activism: a call for action

The purpose of this article is to argue for a social activist stance in educational leadership that fundamentally addresses social change and human emancipation. This call for social activism is framed within neoliberal, neoconservative, and authoritarian populist discourses in the USA, which to social justice educators and leaders had devastating effects on education. Empirical data from an activist high school principal, activist university professor, and activist priest reflects their development of political clarity, political capacity, political collaboration, and an ethic of risk. It is suggested that the work of socially active educational leaders needs to be broadened to include such things as public policy advocacy, networking, organising, community development, and scholarship. Finally, the article concludes with a variety of ways educational leaders can demonstrate their social, moral, and political activism as they challenge the status quo, fight for social justice, and come to understand the politicised notion of leadership.     

表现主义中的“教师领导”

教师在学校中担任领导这一现象并不新鲜,但被概念化为"教师领导"是在20世纪80年代以来英美教育改革中出现的。本文以英美教育改革中"教师领导"相关政策为例,将之置于"表现主义"教育改革的宏观脉络下,分析这一策略的思路,探讨其发挥的作用,运用权力的内外视角说明英美"教师领导"策略实为国家对全体教师实行规训活动的重要一环。     

中国文化与学校道德领导

中国文化历来重视领导价值，并以道德背景作为储备领导的条件。近年来，“道德领导”这一领导模式在英语国家引起了广泛关注。中国文化传统对学校领导实践的影响为领导理论、尤其是教育领导理论提供了一个本土视角。