The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme in Mexico as preparation for higher education

In this study we analyse the relationship between Mexican students’ enrolment in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) and their college preparedness using a case-study methodology. We found that from the Mexican schools that offer the IB DP, most IB students are fairly successful in their college applications, such that the majority enrols at among the most well-regarded post-secondary institutions in Mexico. The possibility that IB DP grades and/or examination records might help boost students’ college admissions options does not seem to be a primary motivating factor for students’ IB DP enrolment. Rather, we found that students enrol in the IB DP because they think it will help prepare them to successfully handle college-level work. Students and educators believe that various aspects of the IB DP prepare them for college-level work, including the Theory of Knowledge course, the Extended Essay and the Creativity, Action and Service programme.     

The rise and decline of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme in the United Kingdom

The three main programmes of the Geneva-registered International Baccalaureate (IB) have grown substantially worldwide over the past decade, although the programmes have found a natural ‘home’ in the United States. This paper charts the growth of the IB in the United Kingdom (UK) revealing that involvement there, mainly in England and mainly with the original pre-university Diploma Programme (IBDP), peaked at about 230 schools in 2010, but since then the IBDP has begun suddenly to decline. Yet, in no other country has there been a fall in IBDP provision. This paper offers some key explanations for this phenomenon, where a lack of funding and continued lack of university recognition in the face of Advanced Level (A-Level) reform and numerous ‘baccalaureate’ developments has led to many state-funded schools in particular dropping the IBDP. Thirdly, this paper discusses a number of implications, both for the IB itself and education in the UK in general.     

国际文凭项目的学业评价特点及启示

本文主要介绍国际文凭项目的学业评价模式，分析了其特点，并指出该课程的评价模式对我国当前新课程学业评价改革具有重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

The global growth of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme over the first 40 years: a critical assessment

The year 2007 was a highly significant one for ‘international education’ in an ‘internationally minded school’ context. It marked the fortieth anniversary of the first trial exam of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP). This paper charts the rather random global growth of this programme, from it being a long‐awaited experiment in international education sat by 147 students in two schools, to it being a curriculum offered in 1779 schools in 128 countries. It is shown how the initially Eurocentric bias of the global spread has become a distinct North American one. At present 35% of schools can be found in the US, whilst Africa accounts for only 2%. In 38 countries there is a single school offering the programme. The wider implications of this regional disparity are explored, concluding that perhaps the programme requires a more critical and planned growth strategy.     

A measure of human rights competence in students enrolled on the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

This article presents findings from a larger multiple methods study that explores the levels of adherence and experiences students have of the International Baccalaureate Organization human rights ideals in different school contexts. A three-component model of human rights competence, incorporating identification with all humanity, ethno-cultural empathy, and positive attitudes to human rights, is presented and tested. The findings reveal that identification with all humanity, ethno-cultural empathy, and positive attitudes towards human-rights-promoting values and behaviour act as prerequisites for the intention to act, and for human rights competence. The level of human rights competence can indicate the level of adherence students have to the human rights ideals of the International Baccalaureate Organization.     

Developing skills for youth in the 21st century: The role of elite International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme schools in China

There is a growing body of research suggesting that schools need to respond to changing social and economic dynamics by prioritising “21st-century skills”. Proponents of this view, who have been termed “the 21st century skills movement”, have called for greater emphasis on cognitive and non-cognitive skills development, alongside the learning of subject content and technical skills. This paper explores the potential of International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) schools to respond to this mandate in China, one of the fastest-growing markets for International Baccalaureate^® (IB) schools globally. The authors’ research team undertook a multi-site case study of five elite IBDP schools in China. Their findings revealed confidence among interviewees that the IB educational philosophy was conducive to 21st-century skills development, especially through the provision of the three IBDP “Core Requirements”, which are Creativity, Action, Service (CAS), Extended Essay (EE) and Theory of Knowledge (TOK). Despite this confidence, concerns remain about the implementation of the IB educational philosophy in the context of IBDP schools in China.     

The International Baccalaureate in Australia: trends and issues

The presence of International Baccalaureate (IB) programmes in Australia has grown significantly over the past decade. Despite this, little critical research exists on the IB in Australia. This article provides an analysis of the IB currently in Australia, outlining the trends in growth across the various IB programmes over the last decade and compares this to international trends, including those of the Asia-Pacific region in which Australia is located. This profile is then contrasted against the profile of research that has been conducted into the IB in Australia during this same period. A discrepancy is apparent between implementation of the IB and critical analysis of that implementation. Much of IB practice in Australia therefore remains unresearched. Suggestions for future research to address this discrepancy are offered.     

The International Baccalaureate in England and Wales: the alternative paths for the future

The year 2007 was a significant one for the International Baccalaureate (IB) in England and Wales. Several milestones were reached, and the number of schools offering the curriculum reached one hundred. This article charts the growth and development in England and Wales of this continuum of international education and shows how the Diploma Programme, in particular, has reached a fundamental crossroads. On the one hand, the IB looks set for further growth and has the ability to be an influential and respected catalyst for the movement towards international education in curriculum development. On the other hand, the IB is emerging as an elite programme of study alongside other ‘baccalaureate’ curricula and in competition to A level, and other ‘Diploma’ developments. The ability of the IB to be a divisive force is explored.     

The International Baccalaureate in the United States: From Relative Inactivity to Imbalance

The International Baccalaureate® (IB) examination system has grown exponentially in the United States from 268 schools involved in 1999 to 1,090 schools in 2009. The fact that 49,100 students of a total of 87,800 students in 122 countries were from U.S. schools in 2009 has posed problems in strategic planning, assessment and training, the ability of the program to remain politically neutral, and the ability of the program to remain international and not take on an American persona.     

国际旅游:另一种眼光审视全球化的影响

在过去的40多年闻，无论是从它所创造的收入还是从国际旅游者的人数来看，国际旅游业自身都在不断走向全球化。本文在回顾国际旅游发展的基础上，探讨了国际旅游与全球化的紧密联系以及国际旅游发展给民族文化带来的后果和影响。     

国际政治中国家利益与国际利益之辨析

对于“利益”,人们并不陌生,理解也较趋同化。“利益”就是“好处”,而“国家利益”是指一个国家(无论是民族国家,主权国家或其他类型的国家)追求的好处,权利和利益。在国际政治领域内,“国家利益”是研究国际政治现实的主线索,因此,搞清“国家利益”随时的变化与更新是非常重要,也是非常必要的。鉴于此,从利益本身出发,通过对两个概念的阐述进而发掘出二者的区别与联系,以及由此而体现出的国际政治在当今时代的演变。国际利益的出现更多体现出该领域内合作的加强与联系的紧密。虽然国际社会的本质没有发生实质性变化,但理论的丰富与发展可以更多的为现实提供指导,也为理论本身的进一步完善提供了平台。     

The International Baccalaureate Career Programme: a case study of college and career readiness policy goals

The International Baccalaureate (IB) is noted in school reform policy circles as the gold standard of academic excellence. While the presence of IB as a sought-after education vendor has grown in the past decade, the organization has attempted to shake off its image as an elite agency serving only private international schools with its longstanding liberal arts curriculum. As such its turn toward the public sector in the United States with a credential for vocational students appears perplexing and out of step with its product brand, but the newer Career Programme (CP) is marketed as meeting the needs of applied learners in secondary schools. This paper offers a case study of two schools in one US state that adopted the CP, generating IB school enrollments from among talented vocational students while elevating its ranking on the college and career readiness (CCR) score, an annual assessment of postsecondary success. The CCR policy reformers advocate curricular improvements so that all students receive the academic foundations and employability skills needed to thrive in the new economy. Yet the egalitarian discourse of CCR could not be attended to using the CP. In this case study only high-achieving students were advised to participate and enroll in the program.     

Negotiating knowledges abroad: non-Western students and the global mobility of knowledge

Taking the Institute for Housing Studies in Rotterdam as a case study, this paper aims to theorise the ways non-Western, international students construct and negotiate knowledges in Western institutions of higher education. It describes the types of knowledges these students identify as characteristic of their learning abroad, distinguishing between the curriculum, knowledge of cultural Others and ‘critical thinking’, and the strategies of incorporation, avoidance and resistance with which students negotiate these knowledges. These knowledges, if contested, are then theorised to facilitate these students’ entry into, and mobility within, globally dispersed epistemic communities.     

Making a point of difference: the glocalised ecology of the International Baccalaureate Diploma in Australian schools

The International Baccalaureate Diploma (IBD) is an independent, globally available curriculum currently enjoying rapid uptake in government systems as an alternative curriculum. This paper explores the logic of its consumption in three case study schools across different states of Australia, and the relational ‘points of difference’ it creates in each local context and its curricular market. The analysis uses a typology of goods to describe the nature and dynamics of the IBD's glocalised ecology in each site. The conclusion argues that the success of the IBD as a curricular alternative risks eroding its appeal as a positional good.     

Towards an uncertain politics of professionalism: teacher and nurse identities in flux

This paper is about the nature of contemporary professional identity. It looks at the ways in which ‘discursive dynamics’ come to re-write the professional teacher and nurse as split, plural and conflictual selves, as they seek to come to terms with a political impetus written through what the authors term an ‘economy of performance’ in uncertain conflict with various ‘ecologies of practice’. The teacher and nurse are thus located in a complicated nexus between policy, ideology and practice. Epistemologically, the paper offers a deconstruction of professional identities, and criticizes the reductive typologies and characterizations of current professionalism. Politically, it reaches towards a more nuanced account of professional identities, stressing the local, situated and indeterminable nature of professional practice, and the inescapable dimensions of trust, diversity and creativity.     

世界体系、全球化与当代国际政治——从世界历史发展的角度透视全球化对当代国际关系的影响

本文就现代世界体系、全球化和当代国际政治发展演变相互之间的关系进行分析,指出:现代资本主义世界体系的经济和政治的客观发展,决定了全球化只是世界历史的发展过程中,随着漫长的西方殖民化或西方化的终结而产生的一个新阶段。简而言之,全球化是世界历史(或现代资本主义世界体系)发展的新阶段。文章还从世界历史发展的角度透视全球化对当代国际关系的作用与影响。     

教育全球化和国际化形势下俄罗斯对外教育新动向

全球化和国际化是当今世界高等教育改革与发展的潮流和趋势，它们引发教育体系的新变化，影响大学在社会中的地位和作用，也意味着全球性人才互动进入一个新阶段。在世界经济、科技发展趋向一体化形势下，俄罗斯的高等教育也迈上了国际化轨道。本文以世界范围内的人才流动为主要分析对象，揭示了俄罗斯在教育全球化和国际化形势下对外教育新动向。     

国际贸易实务专业国际化人才培养模式及路径研究

在经济全球化和区域经济一体化的大背景下,急需大批知识、能力、素质全面协调发展的创新型、复合型的国际化人才。文章首先基于全球和国内两个层面分析国际贸易实务专业国际化人才培养的动因,进而提出经济全球化对国际贸易实务专业国际化人才培养带来新的诉求,最后总结归纳出国际贸易实务专业国际化人才培养模式及路径选择。     

The interface of Pacific and other knowledges in a supplementary education site

Because identity (language and culture) are central to Pacific knowledge and knowledge construction processes, Pacific students’ educational experiences should be viewed through a cultural lens that sees Pacific knowledge and practices as valid and valued. This study explores the relationship between culture and educational outcomes as seen in how participation in a school Polynesian club (a cultural education supplementary site) builds youth feelings of self-esteem, identity and the confidence to connect to other educational, cultural and social spaces.     

环境问题:中国国际战略的新课题

无论是从保护环境的角度出发,还是着眼于维护国家主权和国家利益,将环境问题纳入中国国际战略的整体框架中都具有重要的现实意义。在参与环境问题国际合作的进程中,中国取得了显著成就,但仍然存在诸多不完善之处。创造性地应对环境问题,作为中国国际战略的组成部分,不仅是维护中国国家利益的需要,也是维护全人类共同利益的需要。