Examining Crime on Campus: The Influence of Institutional Factors on Reports of Crime at Colleges and Universities

When the Clery Act was passed in 1998, it required institutions of higher education to raise awareness among those in the campus community about the crime prevention programs they offer, as well as disseminate information about crime on campus, in an effort to reduce levels of individual risk. However, scant research investigates the impact that such institutional crime prevention efforts may have had on reports of both violent and property crime on campus. Using two different datasets, this study reveals that campuses with more security measures in place and more men enrolled than women are associated with the highest reports of violent crime. Alternatively, institutions with more security measures implemented and larger proportions of women enrolled have the fewest reports of violent crime on campus. This paper discusses the considerations that should be made when relying on official reports of crime on campus and concludes with implications for future research.     

Evaluating the Impact of Crime and Discipline on Student Success in Postsecondary Education

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of crime and discipline on graduation rates in higher education. Using national data on more than 1250 public and private non-profit institutions that were drawn from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, the results reveal that more violence on and around campus is associated with lower 4-year graduation rates, whereas higher rates of disciplinary actions regarding alcohol, drugs, and weapons are associated with higher graduation rates. Furthermore, the findings suggest that utilizing the student conduct system rather than the criminal justice system to address minor offenses is more likely to lead to student success. This study contributes to the growing literature on college effectiveness and the influence of institutional structures and organizational policies on student achievement. The results of this study suggest that violent crime, institutional conduct systems, and campus police departments warrant further investigation.     

未成年人校园暴力犯罪的刑法规制探析

近年来,未成年人校园暴力犯罪呈低龄化趋势。从刑法基础理论出发,总结当前未成年人校园暴力犯罪的特征,阐述规制未成年人校园暴力犯罪的理论基础,剖析未成年人校园暴力犯罪刑法规制的缺陷与不足,提出增加规制校园暴力犯罪的专门立法和司法解释;优化对未成年人校园暴力犯罪案件的司法适用等建议,预防和矫正未成年人校园暴力犯罪,充分发挥刑法“惩治犯罪”与“保障人权”的作用。     

高校新校区职务犯罪预防体系构建

近年来,高校职务犯罪屡屡出现,严重影响了高校的正常管理秩序和工作秩序,并造成了恶劣的社会影响。预防高校职务犯罪已然成为社会关注的焦点问题。随着新校区的大量涌现,更加剧了这一工作的复杂性。新校区职务犯罪不仅具备高校职务犯罪的一般特征,还以其特殊的管理模式和发展阶段而具备特殊性。本文拟就新校区运行过程中职务犯罪的特点进行分析,并提出高校新校区运行中预防职务犯罪的对策。     

Examining the Role of Gender in the Prevalence of Campus Victimization,Perceptions of Fear and Risk of Crime,and the Use of Constrained Behaviors among College Students Attending a Large Urban University

The incidence and the impact of crime on college campuses are important issues for students and administrators alike. This study examines experiences with victimization and perceptions of crime on campus with a convenience sample of 997 students attending an urban university in Colorado. Approximately 8% of the student respondents indicated they had been victimized by at least one type of crime since first enrolling at the university. Respondents indicated low‐to‐moderate levels of fear and perceived risk of victimization on campus and viewed the campus as being moderately safe. Male and female respondents did not significantly differ in victimization rates, although gender differences were found in levels of fear, perceived risk of victimization, constrained behavior, and perceptions of overall safety on campus. The results from this study are compared to findings from the work of Jennings, Gover, and Pudrzynska in 2007, which examined campus crime among students at a traditional university, published in the Journal of Criminal Justice Education.     

Multiple perceptions of children's aggression: Differences across neighborhood,age, gender,and perceiver

We investigated how overtly aggressive behavior was differentially perceived by two types of perceivers, teachers and peers, as a function of student neighborhood, gender, and grade level. Participants (N= 765) were predominantly African American students in grades 3‐5 recruited from two urban public schools in southern California. The neighborhoods surrounding the two schools differed in levels of identified violent crime and economic levels. Teachers in the community experiencing more violence perceived student behavior to be relatively less aggressive and more similar across genders than did teachers in the less violent community. Peers in the community experiencing more violent crime perceived both boys and girls to be somewhat aggressive, whereas in the less violent community, boys were perceived as aggressive more so than were girls. In general, agreement between teacher and peer perceptions was stronger for boys than for girls. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Gender differences in the risk for delinquency among youth exposed to family violence

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to illuminate gender differences in adolescent delinquency against a backdrop of childhood exposure to both marital violence and physical child abuse. Specifically, analyses were performed to trace the unique effects of exposure to either form of family violence (marital or child) on the violent and nonviolent delinquency of boys and girls. METHOD: This is a prospective study of 299 children who were interviewed with their mothers in 1991 about forms of abuse in the family. Approximately 5 years later a search of juvenile court records was performed for these same children. Details on the nature of the crimes were collected. Outcome variables included: (1) whether there was ever an arrest; and (2) whether there was ever an arrest for a violent crime. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses indicated no gender differences in overall referral rates to juvenile court, although boys were more likely than girls to be referred for property, felony, and violent offenses. Exposure to marital violence in childhood predicted referral to juvenile court. Girls with a history of physical child abuse were arrested for violent offenses more than boys with similar histories, but the context of violent offenses differed dramatically by gender: Nearly all referrals for a violent offense for girls were for domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS: Although boys and girls share similar family risk factors for delinquency, girls are more likely than boys to be arrested for violent offenses in the aftermath of child physical abuse. These findings suggest that it takes more severe abuse to prompt violence in girls than is necessary to explain boys' violent offending.     

一种新的预防暴力犯罪的工作模式探析

暴力犯罪原因具有多元性,针对不同犯罪成因有不同应对措施。美国心理学家多拉德与米勒提出挫折——攻击理论,他们认为攻击原因是由于挫折增大的结果。流行病学家加里·斯拉金发现暴力犯罪一些常见指标,分布趋势图、流行曲线、数据等与流行病分布趋势图、流行曲线、数据等相似。他大胆提出以成功阻止传染病工作战略模式阻止暴力传播。研究结果和实际评估表明这种新预防暴力犯罪的工作模式具有显著效果。     

鱼权力与关系网——以三亚渔港鱼类交易活动为例

中国学者关于社会关系研究集中于稳定的熟人乡村社会,很少有把目光放于变动不居的陌生人市场。运用定性的田野调查方法对三亚渔港鱼类交易活动中各种角色与关系网进行描述分析,发现渔港里权力越大的圈子实现利益的机会越大;越是处于多重关系中心,利益越容易实现;越是处于单一关系边缘,机会越渺茫。     

Violent crime against children with disabilities: A nationwide prospective birth cohort-study

BackgroundThe rate of violent victimization against children with disabilities is thought to be lower than the rate for children without disabilities but several studies shows otherwise.ObjectiveThe study focuses on examining violent crime against children with disabilities and explaining differences in victimization, in order to elucidate to what extent types of disability, family disadvantages, gender, high-risk behavior, location and indicator of ethnic minority (e.g. non-Danish citizens) influence adolescents’ risk of violent victimization. Previous population studies in this area lack scientifically sound research methodology and results are weak or inconclusive.MethodData is based on a national study of reported violent crime against children in Denmark aged between 7 and 18 years, using total birth cohorts (N = 678,000). Data on types of disability were collected from the Danish national inpatient register. Violent-crime data were extracted from Danish police records. Within the birth cohorts studied, 3.5% of children had experienced a violent crime. A discrete-time Cox model was used for the statistical analysis, which included an extended list of potential risk factors to adjust for confounding.ResultsChildren with disabilities are more likely to be victims of a reported violent crime than non-disabled children – ADHD odds ratio: 2.7 (2.6–2.8), mental retardation: 2.7 (2.6–2.7), autism 2.6 (2.5–2.7), loss of hearing 1.4 (1.2–1.5), brain injury: 1.8 (1.7–1.9), physical disabilities 1.4 (1.2–1.5), and blindness 2.0 (1.4–2.8). Speech disability, epilepsy, stuttering, and dyslexia were not associated with increased risk of violent victimization, when adjusted for confounding risk factors and age.ConclusionsThe results of our study provide empirical insight into the first-time prevalence of victimization among children with disability, and into the predicative association between family disadvantages and victimization.     

The experiences of students with learning disabilities in a higher education virtual campus

Institutions of higher education are increasingly asking students to use the online environment, or virtual campus, when carrying out business related to college life. In this paper, we report findings from a study conducted to learn more about the experiences of college students with learning disabilities as they interacted with this virtual campus. Sixteen college students with documented learning disabilities were observed and interviewed while completing eight tasks in a virtual campus environment. Tasks were chosen from those typically performed by college students and included such items as locating the email address of an instructor, locating a journal article in the library’s online database, and identifying the textbook for a course on the bookstore webpage. Findings indicate that these participants were both successful and not successful in task completion within the virtual campus. Factors that impacted performance included features of the virtual campus and participants’ implementation of cognitive and behavioral strategies.     

校园暴力的成因分析及教育对策

校园暴力又称反学校文化，指的是与学校主流文化相对立的一种文化，它所倡导的价值标准与行为规范与学校的主导价值规范相悖。校园暴力具有显性化、多样化、强烈化、长期化、低龄化特征。其教育方面的原因有学校文化形式与实质的背离，家庭教育的缺失，教师权威地位颠覆，学生群体文化的兴盛等方面。笔者认为消除校园暴力的对策有：倾力打造书香校园，激活学校德育，优化家庭教育以及调控学生群体文化。     

高校校园网安全管理研究

针对严峻的高校校园网安全问题,本文结合高校校园网的特点,分析了存在的问题及原因,侧重从管理方面,提出了加强校园网安全的措施。以解决面临的校园网安全问题。     

当代大学生暴力犯罪之动因及其防范

近年来大学生暴力犯罪现象逐年增加,犯罪的性质越来越严重,并且成为干扰校园秩序和社会秩序的突出问题。只有摸清当前大学生暴力犯罪的主要特点、产生原因,才能及时制定其预防措施,以期减少和遏制大学生的暴力犯罪。     

校园突发危机事件对大学生心理健康影响及应对措施

突发危机事件的突发性及危害性,严重影响社会稳定,公众健康乃至广大学生身心发展。大学生作为一个特殊的群体,由于其自身特点,更易受到危机侵扰,倍受社会关注。本文分析校园突发危机事件对大学生心理健康的影响,探讨大学生应对危机的主要措施。     

高校暴力犯罪的心理分析与防治

高校暴力犯罪多数是由于大学生病态的心理状态引发的。为此,应当采取多项教育形式相结合的方式,重视大学生心理健康,实施爱的教育与音乐治疗,陶冶并丰富大学生的情感世界,以预防和减少高校暴力犯罪行为的发生。     

County-level socioeconomic and crime risk factors for substantiated child abuse and neglect

Rates of substantiated child abuse and neglect vary significantly across counties. Despite strong cross-sectional support for links between social-contextual characteristics and abuse and neglect, few longitudinal studies have tested relations between these risk factors and substantiated rates of abuse/neglect. The goal of this study was to identify county-level socioeconomic and crime factors associated with substantiated abuse/neglect rates over 13 years (2004–2016). Annual county-level data for Tennessee, obtained from the KIDS COUNT Data Center, included rates of substantiated child abuse and neglect, children’s race and ethnicity, births to unmarried women, teen birth rate, children in families receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, and children in families receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Annual county-level crime report data, obtained from the Tennessee Incident Based Reporting System, included sexual offenses, non-sexual assaults, stalking incidents, thefts, property damage, and drug-related offenses. Bayesian spatio-temporal models indicated that substantiated child abuse and neglect rates were independently and positively associated with teen birth rates, percentages of births to unmarried mothers, drug-related offenses, and percentages of children receiving SNAP benefits. In contrast, substantiated child abuse and neglect rates were negatively associated with percentages of African-American youth. The findings highlighted distinct demographic, socioeconomic, and crime factors associated with substantiated child abuse and neglect rates and have the potential to enhance identification of high-risk counties that could benefit from targeted abuse and neglect prevention efforts.     

Violence Is Golden:

Campus violence is strongly determined by our increasingly violent American culture. National increases in violent crime, weapon carrying, drug dependency, eating disorders, and youth suicide rates in recent decades are both reflected by and promoted by commercial interests. Addiction cultivation, wheter to cigarettes, alcohol or other drugs, diets, or violence per se is extremely profitable for its purveyors. The large and small screens, magazines and various forms of advertising sell ever more ways to be violent toward oneself and others. Colleges and universities show generally lower rates of violence than the surrounding culture, but they are inevitably heirs to the culture of violence, especially as it has trained youth both to victimize and to be victimized. Children and adolescents are being subjected to depictions of violence at record rates. Thus colleges and universities must do more to deconstruct and counter the training for violence. Our academic institutions can help by emphasizing their greatest contribution: the cultivation of critical thinking which can be an antidote to the mindless violence promoted by addiction pushers.     

高校校园低压电网的节能降耗之我见

分析高校校园低压电网的特点和产生能耗的根源，并提出节能降耗的有效措施。     

高校校园网安全问题分析与对策

校园网在高校的教学管理、科研中发挥着越来越重要的作用,但随着校园网应用的发展,校园网的安全问题也日益突出。为此,本文试图从校园网的安全特点、安全威胁因素及对策等几个方面,对这一问题作一番探讨,以期建立起一套真正适合校园网的安全体系。