Preparing Primary Teachers to Teach Art & Design Effectively

This paper is an account of an action research project funded by the Teacher Training Agency and co‐ordinated by the Institute of Education, University of London. It critically considers the features, methodology and main findings of an enquiry into the nature of art and design components of courses of primary initial teacher education in nine institutions of higher education in the U.K. The project provides evidence to support ways in which primary teachers can effectively transform their subject knowledge in art and design into subject‐specific pedagogical knowledge. The value — for the participants — of a collective case study approach to research, along with some wider implications for art and design courses in initial teacher education are also identified.     

论高校教师忠诚感的培养和巩固

全文针对目前高校师资队伍建设中存在的不合理流失现象及所带来的严重后果,从人文环境、领导艺术、薪酬机制、成长发展、管理制度5个方面,探讨了如何培养和巩固教职工的学校忠诚感这一问题。     

Without Criteria: Art and Learning and the Adventure of Pedagogy

A key aim of this article is to present a discursus on learning and teaching in the context of art education that softens transcendent historical and ideological framings of art education and its purpose. In contrast it places emphasis upon the immanence and necessary transcendence of local events of learning that occur in whatever framing and which have the potential to extend our comprehension of what art and learning can become. It recommends a ‘pedagogical reversal’ whereby external transcendent lenses and their respective knowledge and criteria for practice are relaxed and proposes a pedagogy ‘without criteria’. A key pedagogical issue revolves around ‘how something matters’ for a learner in his or her experience of a learning encounter and trying to comprehend this ‘mattering’ constitutes a pedagogical adventure for a teacher. The notion of mattering in the context of art practice and learning cannot be divorced from the force of art which is the motive force that precipitates a potential for learning and can expand our understanding of what art and learning can become. The article is therefore premised on the idea that it is not a case of coming to understand art through established knowledge and practice but the force of art challenging us to think. The force of art, or art's event, can be conceived therefore as a process with a potential for the individuation of new worlds or to see that other worlds might be possible.     

提高美术教师素质刍论

美术教师素质直接关系学校美术教育质量,影响着我国全民审美素质的发展和精神文明建设.因此,要从艺术和美学理论修养、美术学科知识和艺术实践能力、教育教学理论素养等三个方面致力提高美术教师的素质.     

Art,Design & Technology ‐ a Plea to Reclaim the Senses

The paper explores the inherent confusion surrounding the existence of design in two foundation areas of the English National Curriculum. We argue that this is a consequence of a fundamental misunderstanding about the nature of art, design and technology. Whereas technology should be considered as a cross‐curricular set of skills and knowledge with a variety of technologies applicable to different subject domains, design more properly belongs to the diffuse subject of art with its range of skills, crafts and cultural knowledge bases. We argue that design and technology can learn from the expressive and open‐ended processes of art making. If the practice of design is to operate effectively in the classroom then it needs to embrace more exploratory strategies to playing and making. Teachers of all age groups need to foster a greater engagement with sensory materials to enable pupils to create a context for the making of personal meanings. The notion of the teacher practitioner is a key component and the studio practice of artists and designers provides a useful framework in the adoption of such approaches.     

Beginning Teachers Using Information Technology: the Open University model

ABSTRACT

The United Kingdom's Open University launched a part‐time distance taught course for pre‐service teachers in 1994. This paper describes the rationale for such a course which is usually full time and face to face in traditional university settings; how and why the issue of developing competence in IT was addressed through the home loan of a computer; and how the use of computer conferencing enhances students’ experience by enabling them to communicate with each other, members of The Open University course team and part‐time tutors.     

Art & Design:The Rhetoric and the Practice

In this paper I will outline what I perceive to be the current context in which Art and Design activities operate in Primary and Secondary Schools in England. I will argue that significant advances in the teaching of the subject in the last two decades are being threatened, particularly in the primary sector, due to the impact of a number of factors, including the new ‘standards’ agenda, and constraints arising from limitations in resources, teaching expertise and deployment, and the effects of assessment. The under achievement of boys will be considered in relation to some observations on differentiation in the subject at Secondary level. The paper will suggest that the attempts by teachers to offer an art curriculum that covers all aspects of artistic activity has led to a superficiality of experience for pupils, and therefore a ‘depth’ rather than a breadth approach to art curriculum planning is now necessary. The variable impact of Critical Studies activities will be considered, including that of Artists in Schools, and I will suggest that there is an opportunity to extend current art practice encouraging greater risk-taking, through an open-ended problem-solving approach, and a development of work which celebrates pupils' own cultures and interests.     

Drawing in Perspective: Scottish Art and Design Teachers Discuss Drawing

What are the main purposes of drawing in the secondary art and design curriculum? What are Scottish art teachers' views on the role and function of drawing? How is drawing taught in Scottish schools? These three broad questions formed the basis of the research reported in this article. The small‐scale study, carried out between June 2002 and June 2004 will, the authors hope, be of interest to art educators seeking to explore the teaching of drawing as a key component of art and design education. In this article, we report on the background to the study, the place of drawing in Scottish art education, the methodology used, discuss some of the respondents' comments and conclude with some reflections and thoughts for future study.     

How to Reduce Authoritarianism among Teachers: the Human Development Approach

Abstract

The attitudes of education students toward themselves and others were measured before and after a course in human development. Large changes in attitudes were found to be associated with initial attitude positions, sex and the composition of individual sections of the course. Comparisons of this sample with others indicated that education students have initially more authoritarian attitudes than other college students, but that they change markedly when enrolled in a human development course.     

Art and Design Blogs: a Socially‐Wise Approach to Creativity

Many images of the ‘artist’ or ‘designer’ pervade the media and popular consciousness. Contemporary images of the artist and creativity that focus solely on the individual offer a very narrow depiction of the varying ways creativity occurs for artists and designers. These images do not capture the variety of creative processes and myriad ways artists and designers work. Young creatives in particular are choosing to work with a social approach to creativity. An example of this approach is the world of blogging, a form of social media where young creatives have a very active voice. This article explores how creative bloggers, that is, artists, designers and makers who blog about their practice, use a social approach to foster creativity with a sense of community, environmental and ethical awareness, a value framework that is in opposition to the market‐driven notion of liberal individualism. Is there a way to include participation in the broader art and design blogging world as part of art and design education? What can we learn from such a social approach to learning in higher education art and design programmes? This article explores these questions and shares findings of an ethnographic approach to an analysis of art and design blogs. In doing so it argues for a socially‐wise approach to creativity in art and design education as a means of promoting values other than those usually connected to the market.     

关于更新教学观念与师生互动的思考——中学数学教学创新之我见

面对世界科学技术日新月异的迅猛发展，我国的教育教学改革更凸现其重要性，从事中学数学教学的教师的教育观念、教学方法的更新，中学数学教育的改革与发展都面临着机遇与挑战。     

Developing a School Drawing Policy with Newly Qualified Teachers of Art and Design

This paper describes part of a one–day course run by the authors for Newly Qualified Teachers of art and design (NQTs) planned to develop subject knowledge and assessment expertise. The former was achieved partly through an examination of the roles of drawing in secondary school art and design education. Through review and discussion of their pupils’ drawings, the NQTs developed ideas about the functions and purposes of drawing. These ideas were then refined and some practical work undertaken. The nature of drawing policies for secondary art and design departments was considered. The session concluded with a consideration of ideas that might inform the development of such a drawing policy. Secondly, the authors take up and develop several issues from the NQTs’ ideas and responses. These include reference to participants’ drawing performance and understanding, their judgements about the value of drawing, and to how these may be influenced by factors in art education, including those associated with GCSE and assessment. Finally, reference is made to two distinctive perceptions of drawing in schools and, with reference to the work of Wilson, Hurwitz and Wilson, the authors suggest a strategy and argue for the development of drawing policy and curricula for secondary school art departments. The paper is based on part of a presentation given at the Annual Conference of the NSEAD, York, 2002.     

Technology for Teachers: a report on an in-service course for teachers of Design and Technology

The in-service degree course in Design and Technology at Loughborough University of Technology known as ISBA (In-service B.A.) was designed 5 years ago to meet two main needs. First, there were teachers who wished to undertake a full–time retraining course to update their knowledge and skills for the teaching of Technology in secondary schools (11-18 age group). Secondly, most teachers of Craft, Design and Technology who were trained prior to about 1970 followed a 3-year certificate course in Handicraft. Many of these teachers now wish to obtain a first degree as well as updating in order to enhance their promotion prospects. This paper looks at the design of the course with particular reference to the technological content and some of the reactions from the teachers who have attended it.     

Towards a Radical Pedagogy: Provisional Notes on Learning and Teaching in Art & Design

This paper presents a personal perspective on some of the ideas and issues that currently surround learning and teaching in art and design within higher education. It aims to stimulate debate and to raise questions about the direction in which an increasingly monolithic educational culture is moving. It identifies a number of beliefs and values that the author considers to be particularly important to the development of a radical pedagogy and argues that the sector needs to counter the drift towards a technocratic and overly deterministic approach to education. While being intentionally wide–ranging and polemical the paper seeks to bring together a number of disparate ideas into a useful and coherent interaction. The continuing relevance of education as an emancipatory and transformative project is affirmed, while certain features of modernism inscribed into current educational practices are questioned (for instance, exclusivity, subjectivism and absolutism). Changes in the ways in which knowledge is viewed are discussed in relation to assessment, learning, research and the construction of the ‘self’. A re–orientation of learning and teaching is suggested around a process–based pedagogy that places particular emphasis on indeterminacy, pluralism, revisibility and dialogue.     

Reviews Editorial: Art & Design in the Primary School

Art in the Classroom: A Handbook for Primary Teachers, Pat Southern. Design and Technology in the Primary School: case studies for teachers, Makiya, Hind & Rogers, Margaret. The Handbook for Primary Art in the National Curriculum, John Bowden. Teaching Art at Key Stage 1, Nigel Meager. A Year in the Art of a Primary School, Robert Clement and Elizabeth Tarr. Art in Practice Motivation and development 3–12 years, Margaret Morgan. The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood, Edith Cobb. Experience in Art - Teaching Children to Paint, Nancy R. Smith with Carolee Fucigna, Margaret Kennedy, Lis Lord Foreword by Elliot Eisner. Drawing to Learn, Sedgwick, Dawn and Fred. Designs We Live By, Loeb, H., Slight, P., and Stanley, N. (Eds).