德育中运用奖惩应把握的几个方面

奖惩是学校德育中一种较常用的方法.教育者运用这一方法,要力求做到教育性、一致性、针对性、适合性、情感性、集体性、艺术性.     

Moral development: a reply to Richmond and Cummings

My paper on moral development has been criticized on three main counts: firstly, that I have confused romantic and progressive ideology; secondly, that I have failed to appreciate the teleological character of (cognitive) developmental theory; thirdly, that I have failed to show that normativity of developmental theory goes, as it were, ‘all the way down’. In this reply, I maintain that the first two charges are based on distortion and misrepresentation of my argument, and—in relation to the third charge—that my critics have simply failed to offer any discernible counter‐argument to my case that it is misguided to seek empirical theoretical grounding for developmental theories of the kind in question.     

为教育而惩戒:从“惩戒”到“教育惩戒”

作为对学生越轨行为的规治手段,“教育惩戒”源于学界对体罚、惩罚现象的批判。伴随教育惩戒的权力失落与呼吁回归,其发展经历了戒尺文化阶段、人道主义阶段、全面抵制阶段,到目前的立德树人阶段。这一历程不仅受制于社会进步和先进教育思潮的作用,历史发展和社会结构变迁也成为教育惩戒权失落与回归的浓厚底色。如今,教育部已出台《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》纲要并正式施行,学界也从心理学、伦理学等多学科视角对教育惩戒的价值性和必要性进行论证,但教育惩戒仍缺乏实践土壤,面临惩戒手段失当、惩戒程度失准、惩戒对象失变和惩戒干预失重等多重困境。而要促使“惩戒”向“教育惩戒”转变,真正实现为教育而惩戒,使惩戒遵守教育目的和教育规律,需要促进教育惩戒的合法化、加强教育惩戒的合目的性、规制教育惩戒的合伦理性、追求教育惩戒的艺术性。这些或将成为教育惩戒落地生根的可能路径。     

道德教育悖论对道德教育的启示

中国社会正面临着广泛而深刻的道德危机,道德教育的低效性引起了人们的广泛注意,学术界开始对道德教育的成效性进行深入全面的研究,但是大多集中在道德教育的方式方法上,对于道德教育自身的悖论没有引起足够的关注,本文试图从道德教育中自身存在的悖论问题进行分析,以期为解决道德教育低效性问题提供一些帮助。     

Utilitarianism and Education: a reply to James Tarrant

ABSTRACT This article focuses on Part III of Tarrant's paper, 'Utilitarianism, education and the philosophy of moral insignificance'. His argument that Mill's distinction between higher and lower pleasures appeals to non-utilitarian values is rejected on the grounds that he misconstrues Mill's concept of'content' and fails to give an adequate critique of Mills attempt to distinguish between the quantity and quality of pleasures. An improved criticism is offered, and it is argued that utilitarianism fails through the dependence of happiness itself upon non-utilitarian values. It is concluded that utilitarianism would devalue the role of liberal arts subjects in sensitising pupils to the problematic nature of human happiness.     

学校道德教育的突围：从道德旁观者到道德参与者

道德旁观者是在道德场所选择不作为,以旁观者的身份置身事外的道德主体。模拟情境下认识与行为在时空上的分离,模拟情境与真实情境的脱节,电视等媒体产生的旁观效应,是形成道德旁观者的主要原因。要促使道德旁观者向道德参与者转变,教育部门既要挖掘模拟情境的闪光点,加强对行动型道德主体的培养,又要具有积极的“媒体意识”,形成道德教育合理利用媒体的良好局面。     

道德教育：从道德单元到德性的形成

道德单元是从道德系统中抽象出来的最小单位，它暂时舍弃了其它因素的联系，因而只剩下独立的基本涵义。德性是主体化为个体品质的道德单元。在个体品质中的价值取向系统的作用下，主体化的道德单元表现出确定的价值向性。既要培养基本的道德单元，又要确立正确的价值取向系统，这就是道德教育的双重任务。     

Education and Conceptions of Democracy: a reply to Bonna Haberman

Against Bonna Haberman, this article asserts that democratic theory contains diverse models of democracy with markedly different values, visions and experiences of the good life. Education in democratic societies is similarly diverse because of the corresponding difference in values between these models, and in almost all of these cases it is strongly content-based. In one model only, that of the critical citizen of moral democracy, is there any ground for neutrality concerning life choices. All other models are strongly partisan in their visions of the good life.     

论道德教育向道德教化的转进

长期以来,未成年人思想道德教育更多地被认为仅仅是学校的责任,而学校道德教育(以下简称为道德教育或德育)也被认为是个体接受和遵循既定的社会道德规范和价值系统的过程。这种理解方式往往导致对道德个体性的遮蔽,窒息了个体德道学习的自觉能力,割裂了道德生长的整体精神空间。今天,学校道德教育的局限性已日益凸现。社会发展与教育发展对道德教育提出的要求和挑战,要求我们实现道德教育向道德教化的转进,创新德育工作方式方法。     

道德教育的整体性与道德教育哲学

教育和道德教育的对象是人。人作为道德教育的对象，不仅把伦理学和教育学的关系结合了起来，而且把两门科学与关于人的一般哲学学说及其方法联系了起来。道德哲学对道德教育的整体“框架”作用决定了道德哲学对道德教育的重要意义，同时也决定了必须建立相应的道德教育哲学对道德教育做整体性研究。