Rivalries: China,Japan and South Korea – Memory,Modernity, Politics,Geopolitics – and Sport

Sport is an effective modern means for revealing a country's political preoccupations and geopolitical concerns. For China, Japan and South Korea, the pre-eminent countries in the recent Asian Games, sport has become a sharp tool for promoting nationalism and national identity. There is a history of bitter rivalry between these countries, not least, due to Japan's occupation of Korea and the Second Sino-Japanese War, the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. Consequently, a prominent characteristic of Korean and Chinese nationalism is anti-Japanese antipathy. This essay examines China–Japan–Korea rivalry through global sports events hosted in Asia during the past decade cumulating in the Guangzhou Asian Games. Here, the focus is on the use of these events as manifestations of resentment and revenge arising out of historic rivalries. This use may well grow in intensity as these nations grow in wealth, confidence and power as the EAST ASIAN EPOCH comes closer. This essay is the first to draw attention to the tripartite politics of sport as confrontation in the region's past, present and future.     

Extraterritorial Outlet of Korean Nationalism in the Far Eastern Championship Games, 1913–1934

The Far Eastern Championship Games (FECG), held between 1913 and 1934, were a precursor to the Asian Games and among the first international athletic competitions in the Asian region. The FECG were launched in Manila, the Philippines, and supported by the Young Mens' Christian Association. Three countries participated in the Games: the Philippines, Japan and China. It is noteworthy that Korea, one of most powerful sports entities in Asia now, also participated in the FECG, but as part of the Japanese team. Although Korea was a powerless Japanese colony during the era, this paper argues that Korea's participation in the FECG permitted the colonized country to express its nationalism and become the cornerstone of modern sports development in Korea.     

The Role of Gukgung in the Success of South Korean Archery

Abstract

South Korean archery has a remarkable history performed on a global stage, with the Olympic women’s archery team having won seven times consecutively. The Korea National Archery Association joined the Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc (FITA) as a result of a national government policy but there are several factors that have made Korean archery successful, including active investments from Korean conglomerates, national sports promotion policy, field-oriented training and a scientific player management system, amongst other influences. Among the valuable factors, the most significant is that traditional Korean archery Gukgung instructors taught several archers in the early stages of their success. There are many similar shooting techniques in archery adopted from traditional techniques, including levelling one’s arms, releasing the string, taking one’s arm back to the rear and aiming according to the wind direction. This approach eventually became a foundation for the success of Korean archery. The Korea National Archery Association is the home of Gukgung, which advances traditional Korean archery. In this context, the Korea National Archery Association – the Mecca of traditional archery – has contributed much to the success of Korean archery.     

日本足协“三位一体”强化体制中青少年培养模式

21世纪日本足球在世界杯比赛中进入16强，展示出较高的足球的组织能力、技战术素养、个人能力和严明的纪律，涌现一批有潜力的优秀年轻选手，将成为2006年世界杯日本足球希望的主力阵容，这是日本足球协会多年一贯坚持和倡导的日本足球“三位一体”(即各类国家队、青少年培育、指导者培养)强化体系和“以世界一流水平为标准”强化政策的构想，重视青少年选拔和培育、抓好梯队建设和注重个性化的培养，铸造出有潜力的“黄金一代”优秀年轻选手的回报。我国足球在青少年培育模式方面与日本大致相同，但实质上有着很大差异。本文对日本足球协会“三位一体”强化政策中青少年培养模式进行分析研究，学习和借鉴日本足球协会在青少年选拔和培育方面的成功经验。     

Identity,scale and soccer supporter groups: the case of the Timbers Army

The purpose of this article is to examine how Timbers Army members collectively construct and present their supporter group identity through an awareness of and interaction with soccer and supporter culture at different socio-geographic scales. Central to this is a strong attachment to and with place – most specifically to the city of Portland, Oregon, where the team is based. Using participant observation and interviews, we explore how the group’s identity evolved in a country without a history of soccer support. The findings illustrate how individuals and collectives come to view themselves and their locality within a globalized world through processes of glocalization and relativization. Soccer and its attenuate supporter culture(s) are perfect arenas for exploring social identity and the fuzziness of geographic borders within global–local interactions due to the global appeal yet highly specific local manifestations of soccer support.     

Projecting the visual: British newsreels,soccer and popular culture 1918–39

Between the wars soccer was the leading national sport in Britain. But far more watched the brief depictions of ‘celluloid’ soccer on the newsreels in the cinema than ever watched football on the pitch. Newsreels were a central cultural feature, yet their broader social, historical and ideological significance has been overlooked by both sports and media historians. This study draws on an extensive body of surviving newsreel material. It begins by exploring the complex nature of the inter-war cinema audiences, their responses to sporting newsreels and the cultural competencies they brought to their watching. Examination of newsreel content reveals the changing nature and highly varied coverage of professional and amateur soccer over the period, including significant attention devoted to women's soccer even after its banning from English Football Association grounds in 1921. The day to day practices of newsreel soccer coverage provide fascinating insights into the British sporting values and identities, contained, encouraged or prevented by its representations, codes and conventions. Soccer newsreels produced by the leading companies, while largely conservative in tone, were also highly ideologically charged. Through the ways in which they addressed notions of class, gender, politics, region and identity they had a major cultural impact on broader British society.     

团队运动中的伤害预防研究

Soccer and handball are two of the most popular teamsports in the world .These are sports with a relatively highnumber of injuries,especially to the lower extremities andthis is reflected in several studies designed to prevent theseinjuries .This presenta…     

当代中国足球迷现象解析——对北京、沈阳两地足球迷的社会调查

足球迷现象是当代中国形成的一个特殊体育文化现象。运用社会学、社会心理学等理论,以京、沈两地足球迷为研究对象,阐释了当代中国足球迷现象从个体逐步发展到群体、从自在走向自为的形成、演化过程,研究了中国球迷的崇拜心理和行为、越轨心理和行为之共同特征,论述了中国球迷现象的文化、经济、政治意义。研究认为,足球运动之功能与球迷的需要相契合,形成价值同构,是构成球迷狂热、形成球迷现象的本质原因。研究发现,进入80年代以来,中国球迷骚乱有明显增多的趋势,尽管大多发生在场外,但有向场内转移的倾向,而建立和扶持球迷协会是中国社会对球迷进行管理和控制的最佳途径,也是球迷发挥自身作用、寻求社会认可的良好方式。     

Soccer,nationalism and the media in contemporary Spanish society: La Roja,Real Madrid & FC Barcelona

This essay examines the relationship between nationalism and soccer in contemporary Spain. Firstly, it pays close attention to the roles of the national team and the rivalry between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona in articulating conflictual social agendas. Secondly, it compares how Spanish and Catalan media utilize the Spanish soccer team success to articulate clashing forms of nationalism. It scrutinizes a wide range of journalistic interventions as well as the TV coverage of the national soccer team in the Spanish and Catalan media to determine how they constantly re-articulate the role of soccer in defining the distinguishing characteristics of the nation. Lastly, it studies a series of soccer-related cultural and social practices such as street rallies, gatherings and celebrations in order to determine their role within contemporary nationalism in Spain.     

‘Highlander Ithimu yezwe lonke!’: intersections of Highlanders FC fandom and Ndebele ethnic nationalism in Zimbabwe

Football is one of the most emotive cultural forms through which people experience and express nationalism. The study demonstrates intersections of Zimbabwean Premier Soccer League (PSL) team – Highlanders FC fandom and Ndebele ethnic nationalism in Zimbabwe. This nationalism challenges state narratives of a ‘united Zimbabwe’ and advocates for secession of Bulawayo and Matabeleland provinces to form an ‘independent Ndebele nation’. Literature on Zimbabwean football has under-theorized its interface with football discourse. The author was an observer as participant in Zimbabwean football stadia for a four-year period observing terrace rituals, especially songs and chants during Highlanders FC matches. In-depth interviews were also conducted with selected fans to get clarity on observed issues. The study concludes that while discussing secession is criminalized and condemned as ‘tribalism’ in Zimbabwe, Highlanders FC fandom is a critical site where some people express feelings and aspirations towards establishment of a separate ‘independent Ndebele nation’.     

南非世界杯人文联想

认为集体项目评定最佳选手是不合理的,足球赛冠军的产生过程很可疑,足球运动的致胜主导因素是战能而非技能或体能,足球运动的蛮性与人类进化的性质有同构性,中国足球与日韩足球的根本差距在于人文素质。     

Starting with a clean slate: An analysis of member identification with a new sports team

Soccer in Australia underwent a series of changes following a Federal Government inquiry into its future. A report into the Structure, Governance and Management of Soccer in Australia (2003) recommended a process of structural change, aimed at repositioning and re-branding soccer as association football. The restructure yielded the replacement of the National Soccer League with the A-League, five new Australian teams and a concerted attempt to separate soccer from its ethnic ties in the antipodes. This paper examines member identification in relation to a specific A-League club’s members. Using the Sports Spectator Identity Scale (Wann & Branscombe, 1993) to measure sport fan identity in a new team context, a survey of club members of Sydney FC (n = 510), was undertaken. Survey findings indicated that members of Sydney FC reported relatively strong team identification in the first year of the new competition, with some nuanced differences based on age and income. The SSIS demonstrated a good level of fit in relation to a new sports team, although it is evident that rivalries and identification with a new team need time to develop fully.     

国外足球彩票的发展与思考

足球彩票是彩票的一个重要组成部分,在国外已经有较为成功的动作经验.国外许多国家都发行足球彩票,并且足球彩票已成为这些国家体育经费的主要来源.本文就国外足球彩票的发展、管理模式、资金收入的分配和使用情况进行了分析和论述,对我国足球彩票业的发展提出建议.     

Coercion for Asian conquest: Japanese militarism and Korean sport, 1938–45

In the third phase of Japanese colonialism in Korea, from 1937 to 1945, after the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan became a militaristic state. It expanded onto the Asian mainland. Korea was an important military base in this military expansion. The colonial policy shifted from cultural amalgamation to military oppression. This period was the darkest and the most oppressive colonial period. In the line with the new colonial policy, the government closely watched nationalist suspects. It introduced the Regulation for the Observation of Korean Ideologists in 1936 and the Regulation for Detention in Custody in 1941 whilst it also carried out the “Cultural Erasure Policy”. Korean sport was seen as a part of this new colonial policy. Japan used sport to advance its militarism. Thus gymnastics for the Imperial Subject was introduced across society. Furthermore, military drill was performed in schools along with Japanese traditional martial arts.     

奥林匹克全球化时代的体育民族主义

全球化是近代体育产生的时代背景,后者也具备国际主义与民族主义共存的意旨。奥林匹克运动的全球化催生了和平国际主义的理想;另一方面,体育的国际竞争增强民族认同感、提高民族凝聚力。伴随奥林匹克全球化进程,政治民族主义的刚性对抗被文化民族主义的"软实力"博弈所取代,各民族体育文化的多元与共生景象日益显现。     

国内外足球彩票发展现状的比较

足球彩票作为一种特殊的融资手段，在国外已有较为成功的运作经验。国外许多国家都发行足球彩票，并且已成为这些国家体育经费的主要来源。就国内外足球彩票的发展、管理模式、资金收入的分配和使用情况进行了分析和比较，同时对我国足球彩票业的发展提出建议。     

A Game for the Global North: The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang and South Korean Cultural Politics

Abstract

The South Korean region of Pyeongchang will host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Using Wallerstein’s world system theory and Collins’s notions of zones of prestige and emulation as a conceptual framework, this paper examines the South Korean Government’s intention to stage the winter sporting spectacle. As the Winter Olympics is arguably considered a game for the relatively affluent global north, South Korea, as a semi-core state, attempts to elevate its position to a global economic and cultural powerhouse through being a host of this winter sports mega-event. However, it should be noted that the Winter Olympic Games is an event through which white supremacy and Western cultural hegemony are continuously reinforced. Therefore, the South Korean ambition to enhance its international standing by staging the Winter Olympic Games paradoxically reflects Western cultural imperialism and Orientalism embedded in South Korean cultural politics associated with the winter sporting contest.     

美国足球发展的历史回顾与现状分析

美国足球已经走过了近150年的历程,至上世纪末,美国足球经过了萌芽、成型、纷争、探索和转折等5个发展阶段。“足球战争”、北美职业足联的兴衰以及1994年世界杯是影响美国足球发展进程的3个重大事件。目前,随着足球大联盟部分球队开始盈利,职业联赛水平逐步提高,青少年足球广泛开展以及足球观众不断增加,美国足球运动已呈现出良好的发展态势。     

Hosting International Events and Promoting South Korean Identity Discourses: Continuities and Discontinuities

Abstract

More than six decades after the end of the Korean War (1950–53), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) continue to face each other across the highly fortified Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula. Both Korean governments continue to maintain and reinforce a pan-Korean identity amongst its respective populations. At the same time, both states need to provide its respective citizens with distinct national identities, which obviously requires a politically difficult and highly delicate balancing act. The focus of this paper is on the dominant identity discourses in South Korea. These have been observed, interpreted and analyzed in five international events and festivals that the South hosted over the last three decades: the 1988 Seoul Olympics, the 2002 Soccer World Cup (co-hosted with Japan), the Busan Asian Games in the same year, the 2011 Daegu World Athletic Championships and the 2014 Incheon Asian Games. All these events offered a distinctive nationalist flavour, celebrated tradition and modernity, and emphasized South Korea’s rapid 20th century development and achievements, but also served as a reminder of the ethnic homogeneity of the divided Korean people and the unjust political division of the Korean peninsula.     

第12届亚洲杯足球决赛中、日、韩各队对抗中技术运用情况的对比分析

通过对第 12届亚洲杯足球决赛中、日、韩男子足球队同场比赛录像资料的观察统计 ,对中国男子足球队运动员对抗中技术运用能力的现状进行了对比分析。研究结果表明 :中国队运动员在全场比赛时间内保持对抗中有效地完成攻、防技术的稳定性较差 ;对抗中传、接球技术运用能力明显不足 ;抢截球技术运用的攻防综合效率不高。