Characterization of the corrosion layer on iron archaeological artefacts from K2 (825–1220 AD), an archaeological site in South Africa

Abstract

A study of the composition and phase distribution of the corrosion layers on three ferrous objects, excavated at K2 (Bambandyanalo), an archaeological site in South Africa, was conducted. The objective of the study was to obtain information that can contribute to conservation procedures to be performed on the iron artefacts from this site. Examination of cross sections by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled to a scanning electron microscope (SEM–EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed the same corrosion composition and structure for all the objects under study, namely an internal layer adjacent to the metal surface with ghost inclusions and an external layer containing quartz grains. The study also revealed that the presence of magnetite (Fe₃O₄), maghemite (γFe₂O₃), and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) within the internal layer is the only difference between the chemical compositions of iron corrosion products within the two layers. The results also made it possible to retrace the corrosion history during burial and long-term storage.     

图书馆持续发展字画馆藏的5个理由

图书馆持续发展字画馆藏的5个理由是：字画本应属于图书馆的收藏范围,圈忙靖收藏字画有相关法规支持,字画在图书馆可得到专业保护,字画藏品可满足读者的读图需求,字画数字化足数字化复制保护工作的难点。延缓字画损耗的保护工作实际是维护、发展这一特色馆藏。     

浅谈装饰绘画立体化现象的成因

人类的文化活动日益趋向交融与互补,雕塑语言与绘画艺术的结合必将是一种趋势.科学技术的发展是装饰绘画立体化的根本原因.思想禁锢则艺术滞后,思想开放则艺术发展.达达主义,它是促成装饰绘画立体化的感性原因.构成主义,它是促成装饰绘画立体化的理性原因.     

碳素环境对字画的保护研究

本文从大量文物实例中得到启示,提出用碳素环境保护字画,通过对保护前后字画所用纸张及颜料的加速老化,测定纸张机械强度及颜料色差,得出碳素环境可以有效地延长字画寿命.     

略论古“丝绸之路”的华夏文明传播

古“丝绸之路”已经成为历史 ,但其在中国历史上开始的中西文明的接触碰撞 ,并在以后的历次碰撞中相互激发、相互学习 ,互相从对方的体系中汲取本文化发展需要的养分 ,相互滋润 ,使人类在征服与被征服中不断向前发展。本文通过媒介分析、控制分析、内容分析、效果分析等 ,试图澄示华夏文明沿着丝绸古路传播的图景 ,并进一步证明文明只有在交流中才能更加发展。在今天开发西部的热潮中 ,古丝绸之路在传播华夏文明 (现代文明 )中将焕发生机     

针对丝制品样本档案的无机纳米保护剂的制备研究

本研究主要针对丝制品成品样本档案的保护开发出成本低廉、制备简单、安全无害的新型抗菌防霉无机纳米保护剂。实验首先成功得到具有优良抗菌能力的Ag@TiO2复合无机纳米保护剂,负载的Ag纳米颗粒尺寸仅4nm。之后从亲水性、分散性及产物颜色等方面对保护剂进行了改进,从而得到Ag/TiO2@SiO2复合无机纳米保护剂,SiO2薄膜厚度约2nm。经过定量实验测试,证明喷涂有0.5g/L该保护剂的丝制品样本对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的细菌减少率分别是99.02%和98.92%;经过定性实验,证明该保护剂具有明显的抗霉菌能力。     

图书馆装饰设计中装饰画的选择

装饰画表现出图书馆的艺术风格与文化品位。适当挂置装饰画可以提高图书馆室内整体的和谐度。现代化图书馆选择装饰画应从装饰画的主体颜色、内容、形式、风格、图案、样式及形状等方面考虑,选择与所处空间环境相呼应、与图书馆的功能相匹配、与图书馆的文化积淀与地域特色的个性化相融合的装饰画。     

Book Reviews

Abstract

The long-term stabilization of marine archaeological iron, whether cast or wrought, continues to challenge conservators responsible for treatment of this material. Results and observations obtained from past treatments highlight the daunting, prolonged, and laborious efforts required to desalinate large and complex ferrous artifacts recovered from the ocean. In general, the higher an artifact's chloride level, the less stable it is. Consequently, any stabilization treatment must involve the removal of as much Cl^?1 as possible without affecting the integrity of the corroded artifact. This problem is particularly acute with corroding cast iron objects that have formed thick, fragile, and highly unstable corrosion layers. Over the course of the twentieth century, conservators have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to mitigate the negative effects of chloride ions on iron artifacts and prevent disintegration. In spite of early promise, each of these stabilization techniques has significant disadvantages, particularly with regard to treatment efficiency, duration of treatment, and/or unacceptable risks to the artifact during treatment. For these reasons, conservators and conservation scientists at the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in Charleston, South Carolina, decided to look at the possibility of using subcritical fluids to stabilize archaeological iron. This paper compares the efficiency and effectiveness of traditional stabilization techniques (i.e. alkaline soaking and cathodic polarization) to subcritical fluids on wrought iron rivets and metal shavings from the H.L. Hunley submarine as well as Civil War era cast iron artillery shells recovered from a marine environment.     

中国古代目录五题

结合近百余年来出土的简帛文献,提出了五点关于中国古代目录的全新认识:第一刘向之前已有作为二次文献的一书目录,它只有“目”而没有“录”;第二,刘向之前已有置诸书前的一书目录,“古书目录,往往置于末”之说并不准确;第三,目录之“录”不是指刻木为书,其意应训为“次第”;第四,《易传·序卦》并不是“莫古于斯”的最早一书目录;第五,汉代已出现法律专科目录。     

对图书馆美术藏品CNMARC著录的探讨

本文从中国画原作的特征出发,探讨其CNMARC格式著录与普通书刊的不同,及著录时应注意的事项,以其使这一宝贵的文献资源得到标准化著录的目的。     

中国画的"程式化"与"抽象美"

中国画的"程式化"因素,是中国画的组成元素和表现形式,由它形成的"抽象美"因素,是中国画审美上的一个重要特征,是历代文人画家所追求的目标.也是区别于西方写实绘画的一个主要特点.