试论个性化培养模式在中小学体育教学中的应用

体育教学在某种程度上也主导着学生个性的形成与发展。体育本身就是一种群体性的社会活动,社会性要求个性的彰显。因而,体育课堂也成为培养学生个性成长的良好载体。中小学阶段是学生个性培养的重要阶段。体育教师应当通过转变中小学体育教学的理念、充分发挥体育教师的引导作用、实施主体性体育教学、充分考虑学生的个体差异等途径实践个性化体育培养模式     

快乐健美操训练课程体系建设的探索——基于女大学生公共体育课的研究

现阶段大学健美操的教学主要还是沿用了传统的教学方法与教学手段,使很多学生都处于一种被动学习的状态,课堂气氛不够活跃,不利于学生个性的发展与终身体育意识的养成。通过快乐健美操课程体系的建设,有利于女大学生公共体育课健美操的学习,提高学生学习兴趣,培养学生个性以及促进学生终身体育意识的形成。     

高中体育课学生主体地位意识培养途径初探

文章通过阐述高中体育课教学的特点,结合新课标的要求,贯彻以人为本的教育理念,指出高中体育课教学应以学生为本,发展学生的个性,让学生体会到自己是教育的主体,而改变传统的以教师为主体的教学形式、培养学生的主体意识是高中体育课教学需要解决的关键问题,并提出学生主体地位意识的培养途径。     

高中体育教学中学生个性发展的引导及实践分析

教学是师生双边活动,“教”与“学”不离不弃,互为补充.但长期以来,教师被认做教学活动中心,学生是被动接受知识、技能的容器,不允许学生自由发挥,个性发展常被忽略.教育部在2001年提出“培养学生自主性、独立性,合理引导学生质疑、探索与调查”,促进“个性地学习”.高中体育课在基础体育技能传授、意志培养、体能锻炼上功不可没,在体育教学中展现体育课魅力,转变教学思路,有助于学生个性发展.     

对高校女学生体育课厌学因素的探讨

前言 我国高校体育课教学,多年来存在着忽视学生的主体作用,缺乏对学生个性培养的问题,致使部分学生对体育课的学习淡漠,体育意识淡簿,表现在学习中的主要现象就是厌学。厌学问题是多年来困绕体育课教学,阻碍学校体育总体目标实现的     

高校体育教学中应注重学生的个性发展

长期以来，我国的体育教学基本上是注重传授知识、技能、“划一性教育”，忽视了学生个性差异，压抑了学生在体育课中的个性发展，这与时代的需求不相符合。我们应既遵循学科的基本规范对学生实施教育，也应尊重学生的个性及其发展要求，在体育教学中培养和发展学生的个性。     

中学体育课考试改革与学生创新能力培养

通过对改革中学体育课考试方法的实验证明,考试方法对学生的学习兴趣、主动性、个性培养与创新能力有很大的影响力.体育考试应成为评价教学质量的重要指标,体育考试应该有利于激发学生的学习兴趣、自主性,有利于发展个性,有利于培养创新能力.     

高中体育课选项教学亟待解决的若干问题及对策

高中体育课选项教学是高中体育课程改革的一个亮点,它的设置有助于拓展学生的知识与技能,发展学生的体育兴趣和特长,培养学生的个性,促进教师的专业成长,促进学校特色的形成与办学模式的多样化。但在实施过程中,存在着亟待解决的若干问题,这些问题制约着选项教学的健康开展,必须认真研究,加以解决。     

中学体育课考试改革与学生创新能力培养

通过对改革中学体育课考试方法的实验证明，考试方法对学生的学习兴趣、主动性、个性培养与创新能力有很大的影响力。体育考试应成为评价教学质量的重要指标，体育考试应该有利于激发学生的学习兴趣、自主性，有利于发展个性，有利于培养创新能力。     

选修体育兴趣班对学生个性发展的探索

以往的体育教学模式,已经不能适应实施全面素质教育的要求。这就要求我们改革旧的体育教学模式,摸索更有效的体育教学模式。教学过程机械性、单一的认知性和接受性的教学向互动性、综合性等的教学特征转向。教师更加重视学生在教学过程中的主体作用和参与性能力,以培养学生素质能力、学生的创造性和学生个性健康的发展。在中学阶段的体育课教学,仅注重发展身体素质,已经不能满足中学生的生理需要和心理需求。只有学生感兴趣、喜欢,在心理上需要的事情,才有可能使个性得到发展。因此选体育兴趣班在体育锻炼中学生会有意识和无意思的表现自我个性发展的能力。满足学生的精神发展,对学生的个性健康发展和体育锻炼意识的形成起到积极的促进作用。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.