义务教育成本分担的社会契约论解读——基于农村实施义务教育"免杂费政策"的分析

民众与政府在义务教育思想发轫时期就达成了义务教育成本分担的隐形社会契约,任何背离该契约的成本分担政策均可能受到社会的质疑与指责。农村“免杂费政策”的实施,是迈向义务教育这一理想社会契约的重要步伐,但其在民众所期望的成本分担理想社会契约中仍然占据较轻的位置。为了避免社会的质疑,我们的后继政策仍然需要向这一理想社会契约靠近。     

企业社会责任:基于不完全契约与动态平衡理论的思考

企业社会责任作为一种法律责任应该有其明确的责任基础,从理论上阐述清楚这种义务的来源对于从立法上明确企业社会责任的履行方式和对应权利人的救济方式来说有着重要的基础性理论意义,以往的关于企业社会责任的理论似乎存在较大的缺陷。严格地从契约的定义上看,契约双方的权力义务是平衡的,但是现实中由于存在交易标的特殊性、交易主体局限性等客观原因,完全平衡的契约在实践当中难以实现,这种不完全契约是产生企业社会责任的根源,仅凭契约纸面上的静态规定,在实践中往往难以实现权力义务的基本对等,法律需要针对契约的不完全性设计一种动态平衡机制,企业社会责任正是这个方向上的一个代表。     

大学生公民意识教育刍议

目前,高校对大学生公民意识教育还没有足够的重视,现行的一些教育理念与教育方法不利于大学生公民意识的培育。大学生公民意识的缺失不利于现代化建设与和谐社会的发展,因此必须加强与改善大学生公民意识教育。     

Bringing the State Back In: restoring the role of the State in Chinese higher education

In the last few decades, in the wake of three major crises in political faith and the overall instability that followed the end of the Cultural Revolution, the post-Mao Chinese government has sought to improve the lives of its citizens and to restore political legitimacy through rapid economic growth that has focused almost exclusively on GDP. This strong focus has brought about rapid, widespread economic growth to China, and has, by classical market standards, been a success. At the same time, issues of social development and human well-being have received less attention. Before the Hu-Wen leadership's formal accession to power, the Jiang-Zhu administration sought to adopt neo-liberal ideas and practices to reform the delivery of social services and the implementation and funding of social policy. In this context, major fields of social policy such as health, education, and housing have been going through the processes of marketisation and privatisation, which have placed much of the financial burden of meeting these social welfare needs on China's citizens. After several decades of privatisation and marketisation in the educational system, the Chinese government has been the subject of repeated criticism for failing to tackle what is popularly known as the ‘new three mountains phenomenon’, namely, the rising cost of health, education, and housing in recent years. Against the wider policy context described above, this article examines the social and political consequences of the privatisation and marketisation of education. It also discusses the major policies and strategies recently adopted by the Chinese government to restore the role of the State in the education system in order to address the negative consequences of the privatisation of education. Finally, it critically examines the main implications of major reforms undertaken in higher education in Mainland China.     

变革中的法国合同法的基本原则及其启示

法国合同法改革的三部草案表明,在修订《法国民法典》的工作中,合同法基本原则法典化的呼声颇高。受适当限制的合同自由原则、合同强制力原则、善意原则三项原则可以被认为是改革后的法国合同法的基本原则。其中,善意原则的内涵与适用,将在法国法上得到不断的壮大发展。基本原则的法典化将为法国法官更主动地对合同进行审查与评价提供规范依据,在比较法上具有重要价值。     

承揽合同与买卖合同的性质辨析

承揽合同与买卖合同性质不同,但又有很大的相似性,在实践中混同使用的现象很常见。合同合意是民事法律行为成立的关键要素。合同合意对于合同性质的准确理解和把握发挥着重要的作用。从分析两种合同的基本特征入手,以“合意”为切入点,理清承揽合同与买卖合同在一般民事行为中使用的差别,指导社会经济活动中正确合同类型的选定。     

特许连锁合同的特征及性质

特许连锁是连锁经营的重要形式之一，特许连锁合同是特许人和受许人之间的纽带。特许合同是一种典型的无名合同，它的内容复杂，特征鲜明，是一种以特许知识产权的授权为基础，具有买卖、租赁等性质的复合性合同。     

论劳动合同短期化的法律对策

当前,劳动合同短期化现象普遍存在,而且愈演愈烈,引起了社会的广泛关注。劳动合同短期化的现状,如果得不到合理的限制,不仅会严重损害劳动者的合法权益,影响用人单位特别是企业的长远发展,也会造成劳动关系和社会秩序的不稳定。针对这一问题,可以采取以下法律对策：（1）限制短期劳动合同的签订次数;（2）加大终止劳动合同的成本;（3）突出无固定期限劳动合同的地位;（4）明确工会在劳动合同制度中的作用。     

Scientific literacy for democratic decision-making

Scientifically literate citizens must be able to engage in making decisions on science-based social issues. In this paper, I start by showing examples of science curricula and policy documents that capitalise the importance of engaging future citizens in decision-making processes whether at the personal or at the societal levels. I elucidate the ideological underpinnings behind a number of the statements within those documents that have defined the trajectory of scientific literacy and have shaped what ought to be considered as personal and societal benefits. I argue that science curricula and policy documents can truly endorse scientific literacy when they embed principles of democratic education at their core. The latter entails fostering learning experiences where some of the underlying assumptions and political ideologies are brought to the conscious level and future citizens encouraged to reflect upon them critically and explicitly. Such a proposal empowers the future citizens to engage in critical deliberation on science-based social issues without taking the underlying status quo for granted. I end up the paper by situating the preparation of scientifically literate citizens within a framework of democratic education, discuss conditions through which a curriculum for scientific literacy can serve democratic decision-making processes, and provide modest recommendations.     

‘A lot more to learn than where babies come from’: controversy,language and agenda setting in the framing of school-based sexuality education curricula in Australia

Sexuality education in Australian schools continues to struggle in its ability and willingness to address many of the broader social issues associated with sexuality, such as the needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, intersex and queer (GLBTIQ) students. Studies involving teachers have demonstrated that a reticence on their part to teach GLBTIQ-inclusive sexuality education is driven by a lack of training in handling ‘sensitive’ issues, a fear of backlash and confusion over their obligations under relevant departmental policies. This reticence may, in part at least, stem from a commonly held inference that the inclusion of queer sexualities is inherently ‘controversial’. There appears to be a tendency for curricula and government directives to ‘juggle’ principles of social justice for marginalised sexualities with ‘risk management’ policies, which seek to screen course content for potential ‘controversy’. Much of this controversy has its roots in the language and rhetoric used to describe and discuss issues dealt with in sexuality education curricula. The paper demonstrates, through the process of ‘languaging’, how the language and rhetoric of controversy and sexuality can be exposed so that they may be better addressed through policy and government directives.     

学生合约与学生消费者：学习的市场化与高等教育公共产品性质的侵蚀

自20世纪80年代中期以来,全世界范围内接连出现的政府主导的改革将高等教育系统向"教科书般"经济市场越推越近已实施的改革包括公司化、引入竞争性资助、增加学费和其他费用、使用高校管理中产出模式和绩效报告。但是,没有一个国家面向本国学生的第一学位教育是按照真正的资本主义经济市场来运作的,没有研究型大学的发展是被股东、利润、市场份额、配置效率或商品形式所驱动的。在一些国家,只有职业培训和国际教育才会真正收取商业性质的学费。虽然高等教育中普遍存在激烈的竞争、企业家精神和消费者话语,但资本主义在其中没有一席之地;现有的高等教育市场充其量是一个受监管的准市场在许多国家,高等教育领域的"市场改革"不同于交通、通信、广播电视和医疗保险界的私有化和商业化。究其原因,本文发现真正的市场改革受制于高等教育领域特定的内在限度(公共产品、地位竞争)以及与这些限度相关的政治因素、高等教育市场改革计划在本质上是乌托邦式的,目前市场改革的抽象理想仍在持续并不是因为它具有真正实现的前景,而是由于外源性政策的推动(如财政缩减、政府控制等)。如果资本主义市场是无法实现的,为什么要继续假装它们可以实现呢?我们需要一个与教育系... 更多还原     

Educational policy for citizenship in the early years in Australia

Understandings of young children as active and capable citizens, while evident in discourses of early childhood education and research, are not widely reflected in the policy for the early years of schooling in Australia. This paper makes an analysis of the gaps and tensions between discourses of young children as active citizens and policy for citizenship education at the national level in Australia and at the Queensland State level. There is a widespread discourse within early childhood that regards young children as citizens and democratic participants in their own lives, as a reflection of the oft-cited Article 12 in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, educational policy and curriculum for citizenship in Australia, by and large, adheres to age and stage understandings of children that deem young children unable to conceptualise and/or articulate ideas of what it means to ‘be a good citizen’. We ask which discourses are being harnessed in educational policy for citizenship in Australia, what discourses are silenced or ignored and what this tells us about how young children are thought about in Australian politics and education.     

Institutional attention to European policy agendas: exploring the relevance of instrumental and neo-institutional explanations

This article addresses how European policy initiatives in higher education, research and innovation are diffused in the European higher education research and education area. Based on an instrumental and an institutional perspective, specific expectations are developed as to how policy diffusion might unfold, and, through an in-depth analysis of the strategic plans of 19 higher education institutions in Latvia and Norway, the article identifies factors that potentially mediate European policies into the strategic agenda of universities and colleges. The findings show that European Union membership and policy area seems to matter for the attention given to European policy initiatives, while administrative capacity at institutional level have less or quite mixed effects. The article concludes that both instrumental and institutional perspectives are of value in explaining how European policy diffusion takes place.

     

高等教育结构调整与教育政策的权力限度

高等教育机构的同质性从20世纪80年代以来困扰我国高教领域,教育政策对此问题的无能为力可归因于教育政策的限度。本文提出教育政策的权力限度的概念,认为教育政策有其权力广延度限度、权力综合性限度和权力强度限度,教育政策的目标设定要充分考虑其在这三个方面的限度。     

Is the European (Active) Citizenship Ideal Fostering Inclusion within the Union? A Critical Review

This article reviews 1) the establishment and functioning of EU citizenship, 2) the resulting perception of education for European active citizenship and 3) the question of its adequacy for enhancing democratic values and practices within the Union. Key policy documents produced by the EU help to unfold the basic assumptions on which democratic principles and values are being promoted through education; while the literature produced primarily in political and social science challenges these assumptions.
By doing so, the author argues that citizenship of the Union is creating new mechanisms of exclusion rather than promoting social equality and a strong sense of belonging to a bonding multicultural community, which are at the very core of democratic participation processes. Thus, the rhetoric embedded in the integrative process of the Union — based on the recognition of equal opportunities, access and democratic participation of all EU citizens — is founded on a limited interpretation of democratic citizenship rather than its concretisation as a multiple citizenship.
As a result, the mechanisms in place at European level are creating specific patterns of social exclusion supported by educational reforms. Most citizens are therefore being excluded, due to the distinction between active and non-active citizens, which results from institutional demand on individual's conduct, whereas little, if any, attention is paid to actual institutional practices. On the contrary, this shift in paradigm — i.e. from the institutional demand on citizens to the recognition of citizens as performing subjects — challenges the 'activism' embedded in recent debate on citizenship. Therefore it needs to be properly addressed, from a multicultural perspective, if education and learning processes are to sustain full democratic participation of all citizens and the construction of a multicultural Europe.     

江泽民的社会保障思想

江泽民高度重视我国社会保障体系建设,认为是建立社会主义市场经济体制的重要内容,是坚持党的宗旨的重要体现;提出建立我国社会保障体系,要把握与国民经济发展水平以及各方面承受能力相适应,坚持公平与效率相结合、权利与义务相对应,兼顾国家、企业、个人三者利益,注意新老体制的衔接和过渡,避免出现大的波动的原则;建设我国社会保障体系,要确保国有企业离退休人员和下岗职工的基本生活,加快建立社会保险和社会救助制度,探索建立农村社会保障制度,发展残疾人事业。     

电力远期合约的风险规避研究

从用户和供电商双方的角度出发,讨论了利用远期合约规避风险甚至获利的经济学原理.研究结果表明,买电方和供电方均具有选择各自远期合约的权利,双方可根据不同电力价格的波动情况,做出合理的决策,从而实现社会资源的最优化.     

低收费政策能改善教育公平和社会福利吗?--兼论高等教育不同收费政策的效应

本文探讨不同收费政策对教育公平和社会福利的影响。一直以来,理论界认为提高缴费标准,会损害教育公平和社会福利。本文运用统计原理,分析了高等教育缴费标准与失学概率间的理论关系,并指出低收费政策和高收费政策,对于改善教育公平的比较效应,是随不同情况而改变的。进一步的实证分析表明,在当前贫富悬殊较为严重的情况下,低收费政策并不能明显改善低收入阶层的教育机会和社会福利,相反,高收费高资助政策的效应要更加显著。     

理性的无知与新古典的社会契约维系

新古典经济学体系由于其完备理性的假定,遭到了广泛的质疑.本文从有限理性出发,通过对理性的无知和社会契约的分析,提出社会契约保证下的理性的无知也可以达到新古典的结果,从而尝试了一种对新古典模型维系的新的思路.