我们是否迈向高等教育的自由放任主义?

多年以来,许多发展中国家对高等教育的发展漠不关心,忽视高等教育发展、缩减高等教育的公共投资,纵容自由放任主义,甚至采取了高等教育市场化的政策;结果在高等教育领域中市场变得十分活跃。然而大多数发展中国家的市场经济是“不完全”或“不完善”的,因此高等教育市场化改革的结果很不理想。事实上,市场力量在一些国家造成了灾难性的后果。这种“市场化”国家政策来自以下两个错误的假设:高等教育对社会的发展并不重要,国家可以为了市场而忽略其提供高等教育的责任。但是事实表明,我们已经为这些错误认识付出了昂贵的代价。国家在高等教育发展中的角色是至关重要、不可或缺的。     

Turning right at the crossroads: The Nelson Report's proposals to transform Australia's universities

During 2002, the Australian Education Ministerconducted a year-long review of tertiaryeducation under the title Higher Educationat the Crossroads. The policy statementarising from that review was released on 13 May2003. It incorporates a combination of newfinancial incentives on students anduniversities, potential expansion of full-feeplaces, and increased intrusion into universitypriority setting.The policy statement promised a $A1.5bexpansion in funding over four years, with morefully-funded university places, and an emphasison improving the quality of teaching andlearning.The strategy is market-driven and could createa `fee-culture' in Australian universities. Implementation of the new policy is not assuredas it has to pass a hostile Senate. Theimplementation process also carries risks forgovernment and universities. This paperdescribes the government's proposals andanalyses their premises and effects.     

Silver bullet or red herring? New evidence on the place of aspirations in education

This article reports on a longitudinal study of student aspirations at the ages of 13 and 15 in three schools in the United Kingdom, where there has been a great deal of emphasis placed on aspirations in recent policy making. The data, based on individual interviews with 490 students in areas with significant deprivation as well as interviews with parents, teachers and community members, call into question the effectiveness of concentrating educational efforts on raising aspirations. Aspirations, even in these communities struggling with poverty, are very high—the missing element is the knowledge of how to make these aspirations concrete and obtainable. Implications for educators include insights into the highly aspirational nature of marginalised communities, the key role teachers play in helping aspirations come to fruition, and the need to focus on supporting young people to achieve aspirations that already substantially exceed the jobs available in the UK workforce.     

中等职业教育财政公平性研究述评

近年来,我国中等职业教育财政公平性研究主要集中在以下四个方面:一是中等职业教育财政纵向公平性差异;二是中等职业教育财政横向公平性差异;三是中等职业教育财政不公平性的原因;四是提高中等职业教育财政公平性的对策建议。应进一步完善研究方法,展开实证研究、系统研究。     

Letting schools off the hook? Exploring the role of Australian secondary schools in the COAG Year 12 attainment agenda

In 2009, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) set a target to lift Australia’s Year 12 or equivalent attainment rate from 83.5 to 90% by 2015. In the context of global financial uncertainty, the target was rationalised as a means for boosting national productivity and developing human capital to help Australia compete in the global knowledge economy. Historically, Year 12 attainment targets have been designed to pressure state and territory education systems to innovate and reform senior secondary curriculums and certificates, as retention and attainment rates depend largely on how flexible, diverse and inclusive the senior years are. In this paper, however, we argue that the COAG Year 12 attainment agenda is flawed and does very little to inspire innovation or reform in Australian senior secondary schools. Our argument comprises three parts. First, we argue that the COAG agenda is based on a weakened measure of attainment which is misleading and directs the burden for innovation away from senior secondary schools. Second, we argue that there are inherent limits in Australian secondary school systems which prevent the depth of innovation required to significantly contribute to raising Year 12 attainment. Third, we argue that the COAG agenda is further weakened by issues of equivalency, quality and comparison. Together, these arguments cast doubt over the value and meaningfulness of the COAG Year 12 attainment agenda and of target setting as a governmental strategy in this context.     

教育公平与和谐教育

促进社会和谐,全面建设小康社会是党的十七大的基本精神。和谐社会需要和谐教育,而教育公平又是和谐教育的基础。本文从宏观和微观两个层面,阐述了教育公平的基本含义,主张"差异而公平"是教育的基本原则,并提出了办学体制灵活化、学校课程多样化、评价制度多元化、学校文化和谐化的改革建议,以实现教育公平,促进社会的和谐发展。     

21世纪世界军事院校教育体制的发展趋势

军校教育作为现代教育的一个特殊领域，它的发现体现了当代世界科学技术和教育发展的内在要求。适应新时代的变化，军事院校的教育体制有其共同的发展趋势。表现在：拓宽基础，培养适应性强的复合型人才；加强继续教育，提高军官素质；力求用最尖端的科学技术武装军队，以及为此建立“开放型”的教育体制。     

Leaning too far? PISA,policy and Australia's ‘top five’ ambitions

Australia has declared its ambition to be within the ‘top five’ in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) by 2025. So serious is it about this ambition, that the Australian Government has incorporated it into the Australian Education Act, 2013. Given this focus on PISA results and rankings, we go beyond average scores to take a close look at Australia's performance in PISA, examining rankings by different geographical units, by item content and by test completion. Based on this analysis and using data from interviews with measurement and policy experts, we show how uninformative and even misleading the ‘average performance scores’, on which the rankings are based, can be. We explore how a more nuanced understanding would point to quite different policy actions. After considering the PISA data and Australia's ‘top five’ ambition closely, we argue that neither the rankings nor such ambitions should be given much credence.     

基础教育阶段联合办学模式探索——以南通三中、南通中学联合办学为例

以南通市第三中学和南通中学之间的联合办学实践为例,分析基础教育学校之间联合办学的内涵与主要特征,总结联合办学的基本策略,即全面彰显教育公平、着力构建核心价值体系。     

Equity and Life‐Long Learning: An Analysis of White Paper no. 16 (2006/2007) of Norway

Nationally and internationally equity in education has become a key goal. In Norway, a White Paper has been tabled to address how equity can be improved through education. In this paper the pedagogic and knowledge orientation of the initiatives are analyzed and discussed in relation to two models of equity: “equity through equality” and “equity through diversity.” The paper finds that although contradictions are present, the Norwegian ministry clearly favors the equality model. The author claims that the presented policies can be understood as a response to the global educational trend that Apple refers to as “conservative modernization.” This can further be related to Bernstein's “Totally Pedagogised Society,” where the adaptable, trainable individual is a key notion. The paper concludes that the lack of attention given to the diversity of citizens may be a major shortcoming, as lack of recognition is in many ways what causes educational failure in the first place.     

西方学者对教育市场化改革的检讨

上个世纪80年代以来的英美教育市场化或民营化改革遭遇到西方学者的诸多批评,本文进行了归纳与概括。本文认为,教育市场化或民营化的根本意义或方向不应定位于突破官僚制,也不应定位于比传统公立学校更富有效率,它的意义就在于给传统政府学校教育提供一个外围构造物,即一个多元的、混合式的治理结构,一个多元的价值理念,一个多样化的选择。     

The ‘iron gate’: high-stakes assessment at age 16 in Nepal and England

In Nepal, the School Leaving Certificate (SLC) assessment taken by 16-year-olds at the end of Grade 10 of formal schooling performs a similar function to the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination in England in that it summarises individual, school, district and national achievement and acts as a filtering mechanism to the final stage of schooling and, ultimately, higher education and the jobs market. Both the SLC and GCSE examinations have come under criticism in recent years, with some comparable issues arising, for example: (1) differences in success rates between pupils in different socioeconomic circumstances, types of school, genders and ethnic groups; (2) the role of teacher-assessed coursework and associated accusations of bias; and (3) the extent to which examination questions test recall, comprehension or application. Based upon interviews with students, teachers, academics and senior civil servants in Nepal, this paper draws comparisons between the two systems.     

The limits of school choice: some implications for accountability of selective practices and positional competition in Australian education

The application of market principles to educational provision continues to attract governments across the globe, despite an international body of literature suggesting that marketisation can exacerbate inequalities. In light of a renewed policy push in Australia towards accountability via a market model, this paper analyses the impact of existing school choice policies in the state of Victoria, with particular reference to educational provision in an area of social disadvantage in Melbourne's north. This analysis challenges the claims of the now normalised market model, but also points to the need to expand research into this theme, which has attracted relatively little critical attention in Australia. I argue that both the operation of existing policies and the direction of new proposals imply an uneven system of accountability which applies different standards to increasingly polarised ‘closed’ and ‘open’ schooling sectors.