论宗教和文学的起源

(一) 宗教、文学同源论历来对宗教的起源和文学的起源众说纷纭,莫衷一是。若将二者放到一起,就可以发现一种有趣的现象:有人认为文学起源于宗教(“艺术起源于巫术”说),有人又认为宗教起源于文学(自然神话论)。这样就形成了一个类似“鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡”的令人纠缠不清的循环圈,不能从根本上说明宗教和文学的起源。不过,这两种说法对我们研究宗教和文学的起源都有重要的启迪意义,即宗教的起源和文学的起源具有极为密切的不可分割的关系,必须放到一块儿来进行研究。文学与宗教的密切关系,并不是指文学源于宗教或宗教源于文学,而是指最初的文学和最初的宗教共生于原始人类混沌的意识形态。因为原始社会的意识形态是一个尚未分化的综合体,文明时代人类的宗教、文学,乃至哲学、历史、科学、音乐、舞蹈、绘画等各种独立的意识形态,在原始社会时期尚未形成,仅以萌芽状态存在于同一混沌未分的统一体之中。那时的礼仪活     

关于艺术起源的一些思考

<正> 一、关于艺术起源的种种学说 前人在艺术起源问题上,作了艰苦的探索,提出了关于艺术起源的种种学说,如艺术起源于人类模仿的天性,起源于感情表达和交流的需要,起源于巫术,起源于游戏,起源于劳动等等。由于种种局限,各种学说均失之偏颇,只从某一个方面、某一个角度去探索,虽接触到某些实质性的问题,却并不完备。     

文艺起源假说辨析

本文通过对艺术起源假说摹仿说、心灵表现说、巫术说、游戏说的分析，指出了它们各自的合理性和缺陷。同时，通过对原始艺术的分析，论证艺术起源于劳动的马克思主义理论及不足，阐述艺术起源于以劳动为中心的人类多方面的社会生活。     

论语言的起源问题

语言的起源问题一直以来都是语言学研究的重大课题,因此关于语言起源历史上存在各种各样的假说。本文基于认知语言学的原理探讨语言的起源问题,认为语言起源于内部世界的外化需要,并对"语言"进行了重新界定。     

培养当代大学生舞蹈鉴赏能力对其审美意识影响的重要性

舞蹈是人类"艺术之母",在人类还没有语言的时期,人们用于传授劳动过程与劳动动作所用的形式我们追溯它是舞蹈的起源。从舞蹈起源的解释中可以看出,舞蹈是人类最原始的表达方式,也是人类最初的艺术形式。人类社会进入了21世纪,开展素质教育、提高国民素养已经成为整个社会的关注热点,在众多素质教育途径中,舞蹈教育是不可忽略的。而舞蹈鉴赏课更是为学生更好的理解和关注舞蹈艺术架起了一座心与心交流的桥梁。     

关于教育起源的假想与推断

教育起源不可能是一个实证的问题 ,而只能是一个逻辑论证的问题 ,甚至只能是一个想象和推测因而不可能有定论的问题。教育是人类社会知识文化传承的机制。笔者将在这一假设基础上讨论教育起源问题。语言是人类的第一个创造物 ,教育起源于能人的原始母语传承     

艺术起源论的正道

艺术起源问题是艺术发展史的重要论题,在艺术起源的研究中最需要的仍是唯物主义的观点.在这方面重点需要关注的是三方面内容:一是界说的确立,二是根源的探寻,三是时间的划定.劳动创造了艺术的主体及主体必备的条件,这使艺术起源具有了可能性.劳动需要艺术并有迫切需要艺术的意识能力这使艺术起源有其必要性.人类起源和艺术起源两个起源的时间差正是不是艺术主体的人向艺术主体的人过渡的时间差.这个过渡是劳动促使的,决不是其他一切原因.在今天,艺术起源于劳动的基本思想依然能站住脚.     

论教育起源于人类的创造与交往--兼评几种不同的教育起源论

教育起源问题是一个教育基本理论问题；以往的各种教育起源论都未能深刻地揭示教育起源的实质；从人类本性来看，教育起源于人类的创造与交往；深入探讨和揭示教育起源的实质问题，对现代教育理论的建设与教育实践的发展具有重要意义。     

汉语起源问题新探

关于语言起源的问题,可以从语言起源的条件和起源的过程两个方面进行研究,前者基本上有了定论,因此现在研究汉语起源的问题关键是研究汉语起源的过程.语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统.语言刚刚产生的时候,还不存在组词造句等方面的语法规则,因为那时的句子是独词句,所以汉语起源的问题就是汉语词的起源问题.汉语起源于为事物命名的摹声法和摹态法.     

普列汉诺夫与中国现代文艺思潮——艺术起源说及其影响

普列汉诺夫的“文艺起源于劳动”学说是根据唯物主义原理在前人研究的基础上提出来的。它在经过鲁迅等人的译介、接受、阐述并进一步联系中国文学实际情况进行了糅合和发挥后,成为中国现代文学理论的一个重要组成部分。对普列汉诺夫的艺术起源说在中国的现当代文学理论界的接受过程和其间产生的变异及其原因进行梳理与总结,有助于了解普列汉诺夫的艺术起源观在中国现当代文论里的接受过程。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.