How one may not communicate: A reply to Andersen

This article replies to Andersen's article. Both deal in part with the compatibility of the axiom that one cannot not communicate and certain common assumptions about communication. Both articles are concerned with identifying minimal necessary conditions for communication. Both discuss symbolic behavior, interaction, encoding, and fidelity. Motley and Andersen disagree on the meanings of these concepts, as well as on their role in establishing minimal necessary conditions for communication. Motley notes that both Andersen's perspective and popular versions of the axiom encourage equating communication with perception. He then demonstrates that common postulates contradict the notion that all perception is communication. The postulates suggest that there are situations in which only noncommunicative source behaviors occur, so one can indeed not communicate.     

论仪式传播与参与主体性

与人们心中根深蒂固的传递传播观相比,仪式传播观开辟了新视角。仪式传播突出了信息接收者的主体性。同时,又将接收者带入传播的仪式氛围,使其丧失主体性,达到对接收者的精神控制,从而建构传播发起者希望的秩序状态。此外,作为仪式传播客观效果之一的经济效益,从另一方面证明了仪式传播生命力之所在。     

Electronic government: Rethinking channel management strategies

This article explores how an alternative multichannel management strategy can improve the way governments and citizens interact. Improvement is necessary because, based on empirical data from various sources, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a gap between the communication channels governments prefer and those that citizens prefer. Governments may be too much guided by rational arguments like the cost efficiency of channels while citizens may choose channels depending on, e.g., task characteristics, personal characteristics or situational factors. In order to close the existing gap and to increase understanding about how different channel types may be positioned in multichannel management, this article proposes an alternative multichannel management strategy that takes both the citizen’s and the government’s perspective into account. This strategy is based on differences in channel types and channel modes via which governments and citizens interact.     

Funding international communication research

The purpose of this paper is to derive certain lessons learned about funded international communication research. Like other types of funded research, funding for international communication research is increasing as funding agencies perceive the value of communication research. Much international communication research is interdisciplinary in nature, and benefits the American university in broadening intellectual concerns to a more worldwide perspective. The Internet is changing the nature of certain types of international communication research by providing rapid, low-cost access to overseas respondents in data-gathering, and by raising new issues to be investigated. Also, the rise of this new communication technology calls the potential of communication research to the attention of funding agencies.     

THE MATERIAL FORM OF THE TELEVISION SET

This article offers a unique study of the material form of the television receiver between the 1930s and 1960s. Very little has been written to date on the history of the television set as an artefact. Yet its design and appearance played a major role in the acceptance of television in the home. The meanings of television sets are explored, from the design of wooden cabinets as family furniture to the shaping of portable sets as symbols of progress. A case study of British events is conducted, with reference made to American and other nations’ developments in so far as they relate to Britain's television receiver history. The article confirms that the material form of the television receiver contributed to a narrative of domesticity and progress by reconfiguring the relationship between home and communication technology. The fusion of craft and futurist ideas in design reflected tensions about the receiver as an expression of traditional domestic values, of progress and modernity, and as an icon.     

美国的人际传播研究及代表性理论

本文在前人研究的基础上,对美国人际传播的研究视角进行了划分,并梳理出每种视角的代表性理论。本文认为,美国人际传播研究的视角有情境、能力、关系、过程、规则、功能、文化和心理八个方面的视角。这些研究视角对我国学者从事人际传播研究,建立具有中国特色的人际传播理论具有重要的借鉴价值。     

An interactionist perspective on dominance‐submission: Interpersonal dominance as a dynamic,situationally contingent social skill

Dominance‐submission in interpersonal interaction typically has been conceptualized as largely a function of either highly stable characteristics of individual actors (e.g., basic termperament, genetic heritage, fixed social roles) or highly dynamic properties of situations (e.g., relational control sequences). Too, the dominance end of the continuum frequently has been infused with negative connotations. Here it is argued that a more balanced and comprehensive perspective is achieved by conceptualizing interpersonal dominance as influenced by a combination of person, situation, and relationship factors and as including positive qualities that also underwrite social competence. Experimental data relevant to this interactionist perspective were examined for the impacts of one traitlike actor variable (self‐reported social skills), two situational factors (communication format and message goal), and one relationship factor (acquaintanceship) on dominance displays during dyadic interactions. Sender and receiver perceptions were also triangulated with observational data from trained coders. Results support an interactionist conceptualization of dominance.     

跨越文化 寻求共识——从文化与认知的视角重新审视向世界传播中国文化的方式

在吉尔兹(Clifford Geertz)所开创的跨文化传播研究中,传统的研究者们始终将目光聚焦于发现不同种类文化间的差异,并在了解差异的基础之上,实现相互理解。这一经典的研究方法所存在的一个最重要问题就是它假设了全人类没有一个共通的认知共性,从而导致文化与认知之间相互循环论证的解释悖论。在本文中,作者将另辟蹊径,试图结合近年来文化心理学与认知心理学的前沿成果,在发现人类认知共性的基础上,寻找跨文化传播中的共识,并重新审视中国文化走出去战略中的核心问题。     

网络环境下非正式信息交流的概念、类别与特点

非正式信息交流虽由来已久，但仅当网络时代到来后才焕发出极强的生命力。本文探讨了网络环境下非正式交流的兴起，给出了网络环境下非正式信息交流的定义．提出以有无专职信息人员的参与作为网络环境下正式交流与非正式交流的分界，同时，分析了网络环境下非正式交流的类别和特点。     

说服传播理论与新闻评论教学的距离

新闻评论是一种说服性文本,必然涉及说服方法、说服效果和说服伦理等问题。而这些,在西方传播学的说服研究领域有着丰富的成果。本文从新闻评论教学实践的视角,思考和探讨了将西方传播学研究中的说服理论引入评论教学的可能性、适用性、困难及相关应用问题。     

Planning Intercultural Interaction: Extending Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory

This article responds critically to a recent article by Lemieux and Tighe (Communication Research Reports, 21, 144–153, 2004) in which the authors conclude that recipients of comforting efforts prefer messages that exhibit a moderate rather than high level of person centeredness. It is argued that an erroneous assumption made by Lemieux and Tighe about the status of “receiver perspective” research on the comforting process led to faulty interpretations of the data and unwarranted conclusions about recipient preferences regarding comforting messages. Alternative interpretations of Lemieux and Tighe's data are presented; these are guided by the extensive previous research that has assessed evaluations and outcomes of comforting messages.     

自由传播为原则,限制传播为例外——媒介传播公共信息的基本原则

我国信息公开条例只规定了政府信息公开应遵循公正、公平、便民的原则,暂时回避了国际法上公开为原则,不公开为例外的基本原则。为完善我国信息公开制度,本文从政府义务相对方的角度提出并论证了媒介传播公共信息以自由传播为原则,限制传播为例外作为基本原则的理论依据及其基本内涵。确立此原则,能使媒介的发展更符合媒介运作规律和民主化社会的要求,保证信息来源的多样性,有效地促进信息的自由流动和有效整合。     

Building a theory of communication and ethnopolitical conflict

Coherent development of theories of ethnopolitical conflict has been slow and scattered. Moreover, the role of communication has been seriously neglected. I theorize ethnopolitical conflict along two dimensions: the level in which the conflict is entered (macro state-level, mid civil society level, and individual level) and the type of communication most characteristic of the level (bargaining and negotiation, intergroup relations and intercultural communication, identity theories and deliberative processes). Additionally, the article makes the case for a social constructionist perspective on ethnicity, and develops a relationship between communication and ethnopolitical conflict. Finally, theories of communication are posed as mediators of social systems that couple the communication systems of two conflictive groups in order for them to increase commensurability.     

Applying the communication theory of Diffusion of Innovations to economic sciences: a response to the ‘Using gossips to spread information’ experiments conducted by the 2019 Nobel Laureates

ABSTRACT

Drs Abhijit Banergee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for their remarkable series of large-scale field experiments to lessen global poverty. The main theoretical framework that they employed was the diffusion of innovations research and practice paradigm (DOI) which has had a long presence in communication research dating back to the 1940s. Here, we reviewed the Nobel laureates’ article, ‘Using gossips to spread information: Theory and evidence from two randomized controlled trials,’ that is illustrative of how economists applied the communication theory of diffusion of innovations to their projects of social change. The present article poses questions and makes recommendations for similar future projects from a communication perspective.     

Rhetoric at the university of Paris, 1550–1789

This study investigated the factor structure of source credibility within the context of three situations in which communication typically occurs. The study tested the hypothesis that the situation in which the speaker communicates will influence the receiver's perception of the dimensions underlying the credibility of that speaker. The results indicated that the factor structure of source credibility across situations was variant. The scales used to measure the factors of trustworthiness and expertness may reflect more than one perceptual element for the receiver. The study indicated further that different types of communication in the same situation yield different source credibility factor structures.     

Expression and Reception: An Analytic Method for Assessing Message Production and Consumption in CMC

This article presents an innovative methodology to study computer-mediated communication (CMC), which allows analysis of the multi-layered effects of online expression and reception. The methodology is demonstrated by combining the following three data sets collected from a widely tested eHealth system, the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS): (1) a flexible and precise computer-aided content analysis; (2) a record of individual message posting and reading; and (3) longitudinal survey data. Further, this article discusses how the resulting data can be applied to online social network analysis and demonstrates how to construct two distinct types of online social networks—open and targeted communication networks—for different types of content embedded in social networks.     

试论跨文化传播研究的理论建构——以2000—2008年中国跨文化传播研究为背景

本文从研究背景、研究对象、研究方法、学科理论基础的构建、文化认同和文化伦理的双重视点等几个维度详细分析了我国跨文化传播学科建构的相关研究现状,并在深刻反思的基础上探寻本土化的跨文化传播发展之路。     

信以为真:收受主体视角下的新闻真实建构

当代新闻传媒业呈现出媒介样态多样化、符号系统复杂化、事实呈现方式多元化等特征,但新闻真实实现的最终归宿依然是新闻收受主体。本文讨论了不同传播时期,由不同媒介形态和符号系统表现出的新闻真实特征,通常包括描述性真实、纪实性真实、过程真实和具象化真实。尤其是依靠新兴媒介技术进行事实表征的新闻样态,在对收受主体多元感官施以多样化符号刺激时,形成不同于传播主体视野下的新闻真实特征,具体表现为经验真实和主观感受真实。     

Anecdotal episodes in the social context

This article examines poor, moderate and good anecdotal episodes in the social context. The research results suggest 1) the quality of anecdotal episodes is discriminated on the basis of energy and clarity concepts rather than the traditional delivery and content perspective, and 2) the energy and clarity of anecdotal episodes are related to observer's perceived social attraction and projected potential to achieve social and professional success. Tnese results suggest that anecdotal episodes merit further consideration in relational development research from the communication perspective.