The metaphor in public address

Despite long interest in the subject, certain important problems concerning metaphor in public address remain to be explored. After stating these problems, the authors propose a number of theoretical formulations which may contribute toward their solution. They consider, in turn, a rhetorical definition of metaphor, the elements, structure, and process of metaphor, degrees of metaphor, and hypotheses suggesting the nature of the characteristic metaphor of oral rhetoric.     

The significance of humanistic rhetoric in British public address

This study sought to answer the following questions: (1) What specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors are associated with the initiation of communicative interactions; and (2) Do these verbal and nonverbal behaviors vary according to the degree of acquaintanceship of the participants in the greeting situation.     

信息无障碍理念在我国公益性信息服务业中的应用现状调查

本文采用文献调研、网络调查、田野调查等方法调查了我国各级政府、图书馆、第三方组织及相关企业在其提供公益性信息服务过程中应用信息无障碍理念的一些实际情况,并总结了8种具体模式及近50种子模式,并提出相关建议。     

For public (and recontextualized) sociology: The promises and perils of public engagement in an age of mediated communication

This article argues for the analysis of public engagement as an essentially mediated activity. Although recent studies note that academic knowledge is increasingly available for consumption by nonacademic audiences, they tell us little about how it gets recontextualized while passing through the hands of media professionals on its way toward such audiences. In Burawoy’s (2005) influential call for the rebirth of public sociology, as in the debates his work provoked, the media is treated solely as a means for the transportation of knowledge. But as this article demonstrates, the media does not simply transport knowledge; it also, and at the same time, translates that knowledge in various, rhetorically consequential ways. Focusing on the mediated trajectory of an attempt by a group of academics to connect with audiences beyond academia, their initial contribution is compared to its subsequent translation(s) across various British newspapers. A discursive analysis reveals the techniques via which a classic form of public sociology came to be recontextualized such that, remarkably, these authors were left appearing to voice nothing but their own petty prejudices. The article concludes by noting that where public engagement involves mediation, public sociology should pay more attention to the recontextualizing affordances of media discourse.     

媒介时代的"舆论循环"

本文首先以图形直观描述出“舆论循环”的概念和特点，进而研究“媒体”在“舆论循环”中所扮演的角色，以提炼它的不在此正效应和负效应。在此基础上得出：提高“舆论循环”的“循环质量”，不能仅寄希望于媒体的“新闻道德”，实现公众、媒体、政府三者之间的多元平衡才是真正使其改善的根本途径。     

公共信息的秩序功能及其实现条件

公共信息具有秩序揭示、秩序示范、秩序规范功能;信息公开是公共信息秩序功能得以充分发挥的重要条件。     

论公共信息资源管理的体制与模式

本文概括性地描述了学术界对公共信息资源的分类，并且在此基础上对公共信息资源的管理体制与管理模式进行了论述，对于公共信息资源管理的研究提供了相关信息。     

Accountability in an information age: Opportunities and risks for records management

Electronic records of government organizations are becoming increasingly important for accountability. Managing electronic records, however, proves to be difficult since information and communication technologies confront organizations with various opportunities and risks. In this paper the findings of an international expert survey on electronic records management are presented. These findings identify opportunities and risks for e-mail systems, database management systems, office systems, web technology systems and smart systems. They also point to five crucial questions that must be addressed in order to guarantee the availability of electronic records for accountability.     

The Lyndon B. Johnson library in the information age

The main purpose of the LBJ Library is to provide researchers access to information in its holdings. Advances in information technology provide new methods for facilitating accessibility, and researchers have begun to expect the advantages which this technology affords. In an effort to meet researchers' expectations and to facilitate access, the LBJ Library has undertaken several projects to convert traditional finding aids to digitized format and has begun conversion of some original records.     

信息市场化浪潮中的公共图书馆立场

公共图书馆是公共利益维护者。信息市场化对公共利益产生了挤压和侵害,对图书馆知识自由原则提出了挑战。因此,图书馆界应在理论和行动上予以坚决的回应。     

A bibliography of rhetoric and public address for the year 1967

The purpose of this investigation was to isolate personality correlates of leadership by determining the unique personality profiles associated with autocratic and democratic leadership styles. Based on a multiple discriminant analysis which separated the autocratic from democratic groups on the basis of seven personality variables (of 53 considered), subjects were classified as autocratic or democratic with a 75.66% accuracy. Also, a personality profile emerged from the pattern of scores on the variables from the discriminant analysis which allowed for a useful personality‐based characterization of autocratic and democratic leaders.     

A bibliography of rhetoric and public address for the year 1963

Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of six predictor variables to immediate comprehension and delayed retention of a lecture. Listening comprehension ability and extrinsic motivation accounted for a statistically significant proportion of the variance in immediate lecture comprehension scores; and initial information, aroused interest, and intrinsic interest were found to be the best predictors of ‘delayed retention of the materials. However, intrinsic interest was inversely related to delayed retention. The data suggested that although persons with high initial information and low intrinsic interest did not comprehend the lecture any better than others, they retained more of what they heard. Thus the variables which most influence lecture comprehension may not significantly influence the delayed retention of what was heard.     

A bibliography of rhetoric and public address for the year 1951

Spoken language is encoded extremely rapidly and by exceedingly complex cognitive operations, yet it is amazingly free of errors. In recent years there has been debate on the question of how the speech‐production system guards itself against erroneous output. One explanation is that the system is sufficiently sophisticated and rule‐governed in its early message‐formulation stages so as generally to avoid constructing anomalous plans. The authors have argued elsewhere, however, for an explanation whereby anomalous and other error plans are formulated during early production stages but are vetoed and corrected (i.e., “edited”) during later encoding stages. We have yet to synthesize these arguments into a coherent encoding model, however, and that is our purpose here. An “Editing” model of speech production is presented, featuring prearticulatory evaluations of impending speech segments via feedback to a spreading‐activation lexicon which is susceptible to semantic, syntactic, phonological, and extralinguistic influences.     

A bibliography of rhetoric and public address for the year 1958

Drawing upon role theory, this essay examines Will Rogers’ use of rhetorical irony as a means of persuasive influence. Through dramatic and Socratic irony, this rhetor “coached” audience members in the assumption of the “god‐role” of superiority. With enactment of the role, audience members theoretically and momentarily transformed their perceptions and modified their adherence to American cultural values, including technological progress, fair play, support for the underdog, anti‐imperialism, self‐determination by small nations, democratic manners, individualism, and anti‐intellectualism. Although attitude change from such role assumption is theoretically fleeting because of the transitory, non‐pervasive nature of the role, more lasting effects may be produced by repeated role assumption and enactment.     

A bibliography of rhetoric and public address for the year 1968

This study briefly describes Karl Weick's approach to organizing and suggests its appeal to communcation scholars. Weick's model of organizing is then analyzed and clarified. Two hypotheses are proposed based on Weick's discussion of the relationship between the equivocality of information and the number of behavior cycles in organizing. The model is operationalized and tested experimentally. The results do not support Weick's suggested relationships. A reexamination of Weick's approach reveals an inconsistency between a White‐headian process perspective on organizing and a Newtonian process model of organizing. The implications of this dichotomy are suggested.