二外法语教学中的母语负迁移研究

在二外法语语言习得过程中,学习者的母语知识必然会影响到其法语的学习,根据语言迁移理论对母语为汉语的二外法语学习者在语音、词汇和语法汇学习过程中所出现的母语负迁移现象进行简单的分析,从而帮助学生克服由于母语知识负迁移所引起的学习困难,促进学生的二外法语的语言发展。     

学习迁移研究的历史与发展

学习迁移即一种学习对另一种学习的影响，它广泛地存在于知识、技术、态度和行为规范的学习中。迁移是学习的继续和巩固，又是提高和深化学习的条件，学习与迁移不可分割，学习迁移一直是学习理论的一个重要问题，对迁移进行研究，有助于探讨人类学习的实质和规律，揭示能力和品德形成的内在机制，同时也为教学过程提供理论依据。迁移的研究是对所有综合性认知理论的一个严格的、也是必要的经验。     

产学研合作中知识转移与企业产品创新能力的关系研究

构建了产学研合作中以组织间学习为中介因素的背景下知识转移与企业产品创新能力的关系框架,并以珠三角地区80家企业为样本进行了实证分析．实证研究结果表明,知识转移对企业产品创新能力有显著的正向影响．但是知识转移对企业产品创新能力的影响作用受到组织间学习的中介作用。因此．企业在进行产学研合作时．应在知识转移的过程中注重组织间学习的良好引导．加强组织成员的学习意图．提高组织成员的学习能力。     

Exploring the effects of concreteness fading across grades in elementary school science education

The present study investigates the effects that concreteness fading has on learning and transfer across three grade levels (4–6) in elementary school science education in comparison to learning with constantly concrete representations. 127 9- to 12-years-old elementary school students studied electric circuits in a computer-based simulation environment, where circuits remained concrete (bulbs) throughout the learning or faded from concrete to abstract (bulbs to resistors). The most important finding was that the outcomes seemed to be influenced by a developmental factor: the study found a significant interaction between condition and grade level in relation to learning outcomes, suggesting that the outcomes generally improved as a function of grade level, but that there were notable differences between the conditions regarding the improvement of outcomes across the three grades. According the results, learning with constantly concrete representations either took less time or resulted in better learning compared to concreteness fading. Because transfer is one of the central arguments for concreteness fading, a somewhat surprising finding was that the concrete condition succeeded at least as well as the fading condition on transfer tasks. The study also discusses why the results and issues related to the conceptualisation and operationalisation of central concepts in the study call for caution towards generalization and for more research with young learners across different grades.     

The Relationship Between Learning Approaches to Part‐Time Study of Management Courses and Transfer of Learning to the Workplace

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between students’ learning approaches to study on part‐time, distance‐learning management courses, and transfer of their learning to the workplace. The relationship between these two variables has rarely been considered before, as they emanate from research areas that have remained distinct. Three learning approaches are identified by ASSIST, the instrument used in this study: the deep approach, the strategic approach, and the surface‐apathetic approach. Transfer of learning was measured by student self‐report. The deep approach was closely related to transfer of learning from the course to the workplace but strategic and surface‐apathetic approaches did not show a significant association. Contrary to expectations, academic grades also showed no significant association with transfer of learning. The findings are discussed in relation to cognitive changes proposed to occur during transfer of learning.     

Transfer of Instructional Practices from Freedom Schools to the Classroom

The instructional practices of three current classroom teachers who formerly served as Servant Leader Interns (SLIs) in the Children’s Defense Fund Freedom Schools (CDFFS) Program were examined. Haskell (Transfer of learning: cognition, instruction, and reasoning. Academic Press, San Diego, 2001) outlined eleven principles of transfer of learning, which were used to survey the levels of transfer established from service in Freedom Schools to practice in the traditional classroom. Individual surveys, The Freedom School Pedagogies Teacher Observation Record along with interviews of each participant was used for data collection; all three components were used to triangulate the findings. The findings from this study verified that low transfer was observed when minimal application of the principles of learning were applied. This study revealed that for transfer to occur at high levels, it is imperative that adherence to all 11 principals is made and the understanding of transfer, the application of transfer, and reflection on transfer are implemented. If transfer of instructional practices is a goal of CDFFS for SLIs, the CDFFS program should consider implementing transfer of learning theory in future SLI training.     

Transfer of learning in Swedish technical vocational education: student experiences in the energy and industry programmes

One of the most important issues in vocational education is the interaction between learning at school and at different workplaces. Students need to transfer what they have learned in and between these different learning arenas. However, little agreement exists among researchers on how to conceptualise and empirically study transfer of learning. This article aims to enhance our understanding of this process in technical vocational education by adding a new perspective on transfer: the phenomenological lifeworld approach. Eleven interviews with students enrolled in the Energy and Industry programmes at a Swedish upper-secondary school were conducted. Three transfer themes emerged from the data: learning for new situations, variation and integration of theory and practice. The student perspective, based on the lifeworld approach shows that the different learning arenas – the school and workplaces – can complement each other. The learning arenas offer different opportunities for learning, and learning in both arenas is necessary in order to prepare for an unknown future, according to the students in this study.     

Beyond physics: A case for far transfer

This is a case study of a physics undergraduate who claimed that he “uses physics to understand other subjects.” This statement suggested that this student could describe issues concerning the transfer of learning and especially instances of far transfer. Detailed instances of far transfer have been difficult to replicate in lab settings. Therefore, three interviews were designed to investigate this student’s claims about using physics to understand other subjects as a means to better understand far transfer processes. Transfer in this case study is defined as the personal construction of relations of similarity. Furthermore, I operationalize this definition of transfer via 12 aspects of transfer derived from the work of several contemporary researchers who study the transfer of learning. As part of this case study I also investigate the subject’s motivation for engaging in far transfer. Directions for future research are discussed which includes the need to study the role of personal epistemology in far transfer as well as a larger investigation of students who transfer broadly across school subjects.     

“桥梁软件+毕业设计”关联教学模式探究与实践

从桥梁软件课程的教学需要出发,对桥梁软件+毕业设计关联教学模式进行了探究与实践。该教学模式基于教育心理学中的学习迁移和知识迁移现象,学生将在软件课程中学到的软件应用技能用于毕业设计的结构计算体现了知识迁移,软件课程学习与完成毕业设计因所需知识有重叠而存在学习迁移。采用该模式,软件课程教学与毕业设计完成应有时间交叉,毕业设计选题应为一座桥梁设计,软件课程期末考核提交的计算书应作为毕业设计提交的计算说明书组成部分。实践表明,该模式调动了学生软件课程学习积极性,提高了专业知识的学习效率和运用能力,保证了毕业设计完成质量。     

The Role of Initial Learning,Problem Features,Prior Knowledge,and Pattern Recognition on Transfer Success

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that transfer ability (positive and negative) varies depending on the nature of the problems, using the knowledge transfer matrix, as well as being dependent on the individual differences of the learner. A total of 178 participants from the United States and New Zealand completed measures of prior knowledge, pattern recognition, a positive transfer problem, and a negative transfer problem. Nearly 11% of participants could not successfully solve the base problem after the initial learning phase. The problem condition was a significant predictor of positive transfer success, while no significant differences were found for negative transfer, although, there was ample evidence of negative transfer. Furthermore, prior knowledge was only a significant predictor for problems in which the structural features between the problems were different. Future directions are discussed in regard to the initial learning phase, differences in transfer success, and the need for measures of negative transfer.     

Moving beyond the metaphor of transfer of learning

This paper argues that much contemporary educational policy makes assumptions about learning that are directly contradicted by the best research and theorising of learning that has occurred over the last decade and more. This worrying mismatch is largely attributable to adherence by policy makers (and other key stakeholders such as employers), to ‘common sense’ notions of learning transfer. In fact, these ‘common sense’ notions of transfer have increasingly been discarded even in the learning transfer literature. However, we go further in arguing that transfer is a totally inappropriate metaphor for thinking about most learning, but especially for vocational learning. Accepting that thought about learning inevitably involves metaphors, we consider the merits and otherwise of various other learning metaphors including participation and construction. We conclude that the conceptual flaws of transfer can be avoided by employing alternative metaphors. The value of our recommended alternative is illustrated by its power to illuminate data on learning collected from various research projects.     

Using Cognitive Flexibility Hypertext to Develop Sexual Harassment Cases

Abstract

The use of cognitive flexibility theory as a theoretical framework for designing hypertext has been found to be beneficial for learning in ill-structured domains. However, little is known of what role the learning task plays in the effectiveness of this approach. The present study examined the relationship between task, navigation, and learning transfer when utilizing a cognitive flexibility hypertext about sexual harassment with 34 graduate management students. Due to the nature of the topic, the effects of the task on student attitudes were also studied. The conclusions of the study were that there were no significant differences for the navigational choices or transfer scores, but there did appear to be a relationship between task and changing students' attitudes towards the topic.     

Welche Rolle spielt neben Merkmalen des Instruktionsdesigns die fachspezifische und aufgabenspezifische Motivation beim Lernen mit Multimedia im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht?

The present paper reports on an empirical study which investigated learning with text and animations in the science classroom. In a 2?×?2 design the presence of multimedia learning material instruction (text only vs. text + animations) as well as the modality of the explanatory text (spoken vs. written) were tested. Prior to learning, students’ motivation to learn was assessed as a continuous factor. Recall and transfer were assessed immediately after learning. The results show better recall of information for learners with multimedia materials, providing the animations were accompanied by spoken text. However, in contrast to the positive effects of domain-specific motivation this multimedia effect was not evident for transfer. The effects of multimedia design were independent of motivation. Implications for future studies are discussed.     

Incorporating a transformational learning perspective in action learning sets

A field study focused on learning capabilities within action learning sets was used to evaluate potential opportunities between action learning and transformational learning. The use of action learning as a methodology for the acquisition, sharing and transfer of information while integrating an added perspective for transformational learning within the action learning set was investigated. There could be occurrences of transformation within action learning and critical action learning sets. However, there could be the added possibility of using action learning as a potential vehicle for an enhanced or more specific focus on transformational learning. It is useful to explore this potential, especially when there is an increased awareness regarding associations between action learning and transformational learning. Within such learning environments, there could also be the increased potential for outcomes that transform an individual, group or organization. The use of transformational elements based on discussions and resulting themes that occur within action learning sessions are discussed with the aim of encouraging personal development, enhancing skills and engaging in adult learning that could lead to organizational development. Recommendations for these environments are also presented.     

试论学习迁移规律在职中化学教学中的应用

化学学习迁移的类型不仅是我们传统认为的正、负迁移两种形式,从方位发展来看可以分为纵向和横向迁移,迁移不产生作用的称为零迁移。促进化学江移的力法形式多样,其中包括逆向思考的习惯培养、概括能力的培养以及创设各种有利于发展创造思维的教学环境、类比推理力法的培养等。     

Tracing worked examples: effects on learning in geometry

Previous research has verified the benefits obtained when learners trace out worked examples with the index finger. Our study conducted two experiments to explore the reasons for this phenomenon and its generalizability. Experiment 1 compared the learning effects among tracing, non-tracing, and cueing methods. The cueing method was included to isolate the variable of drawing attention. Students employing the tracing method obtained higher transfer test scores compared to those employing the cueing and non-tracing methods, rating the far transfer test as easier. The tracing effect was verified to have a greater impact on learning than solely focusing learners’ attention. Experiment 2 compared the learning effects among three methods – tracing with the index finger, tracing with a computer mouse, and observing others tracing. Students who merely observed tracing obtained lower far transfer scores than those who traced either with their finger or with the mouse, rating the tests as more difficult. There was no significant difference between the other two groups. Tracing promotes learning more than merely observing tracing. The learning benefits of tracing partly stem from the fact that it is action-based and can be generalized to mouse tracing.     

Learning landscapes

This article explores the metaphor of learning landscapes, a tool developed in order to map children's experiences of, and attitudes to, learning (mathematics) before and after the transfer from primary to secondary school. Firstly, the continuing problems surrounding school transfer and why a re‐examination of this is required are considered. Secondly, as background to the metaphor, the sociocultural influences which impinge on educational processes are discussed. Following that, the core of the article develops the metaphor, seeking to demonstrate its pertinence to the study of children's schooling, the learning of mathematics and school transfer. The article also questions the potential of some of the current educational reforms to deliver sustained improvement.     

搭建终身学习“立交桥”的四个关键问题——基于国际比较的视角

终身学习＂立交桥＂是构建终身教育体系、建设学习型社会的重要内容,其适用范围是继续教育,最终目标在于促进各级各类教育的纵向衔接和横向沟通。借鉴国际上关于学习成果认证等方面的实践探索,我国当前搭建终身学习＂立交桥＂应重点解决好学分、学习成果认证与学分转换、学分转换与积累的标准与框架、质量保证四个关键问题,其中学分研究是基础,学习成果认证与学分转换、积累及兑换是核心和难点。学分虽然有工作量和学习成果两种计量方式,但以学习成果进行学分计量,更有利于学分的互认与转换。事实上学分主要用于学习成果的量化、记录和积累,而学习成果才真正在学分体系中起互认和转换的作用。非正式学习成果认证旨在认定学分,正式学习成果重在学分转换,两者面临的共同问题是质量保证。非正式学习成果的真伪鉴别和正式学习成果的透明度与学分价值对等是质量保证的难点。两者的共同基础或可行途径是以学习成果为导向的、基于标准课程体系或资格框架的课程认证。课程认证应作为终身学习＂立交桥＂搭建的重要突破口。     

Learning and transfer in subject-matter learning: A problem-solving model

This paper points out that the growth of the cognitive movement, with its emphasis upon perception and memory, has been accompanied by a decrease in the study of learning, retention, and transfer as found in the traditional associationistic framework. Moreover, some critics have argued that the contribution of learning and memory research over the past century has been minimal. The present paper presents a general reconceptualization of learning and retention, making these concepts subordinate to the concept of transfer. This reconceptualization thus places emphasis upon prior knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics of the individual. In addition, it is argued that the general information-processing model of problem solving, especially as applied to ill-structured problems, provides a general conceptual framework for the study of learning, the model being especially useful when considering learning in academic subject-matter domains.     

母语迁移对高职英语教学的影响与启示

在英语学习过程中,母语迁移必然对英语的学习造成一定的影响.通过阐释迁移理论、分析母语在英语习得中的迁移现象,并结合高职学生的自身特点,提出在教学中应该注重对比分析,促进正迁移、避免负迁移;积极引导,在充分理解母语语言模式上修正并建立起正确的英语语言模式;采用原版教材,激发英语学习兴趣;鼓励课外阅读,创造各种学习机会,从而达到提高高职英语教学质量的最终目的.