Deregulation of television broadcast in India: Cultural and informational impacts

Satellite broadcasting in India can be seen as a metaphor for an integrated national agenda, but the newly deregulated marketplace appears to be setting new agendas for satellite broadcasting by government‐controlled Doordarshan. This qualitative analysis argues that moving to total free market may lead to too little development communication. On the other hand, controlled information may lead to cultural domination ('internal media imperialism') over either one of, or both, rural and urban societies. Diffusion of information may work for rural areas, while urban audiences can afford to spend more time on mass entertainers. There is a need to redefine ‘modernization’ in a non‐global context, and that definition should lead a government towards developmental media policy goals. Further, media policies should be bifurcated to address different developmental goals.     

Children's SES and perceptions of television wealth

For many children, particularly lower SES children, television serves as a major source of information about money and wealth. This study examines the relationship among a child's SES, viewing habits, and perception of wealth as portrayed on television. Significant relationships among the three factors were discovered, and their possible implications are discussed.     

西方公共电视的节目评估:收视率悖论

在经营和编辑上试图独立于政府控制和商业影响的西方公共电视系统在评估节目时面临着使命与效率的冲突。收视率依然是公共电视系统在判定理想节目时的关键指标 ,但是并不是唯一的“指南针” ,各公共电视系统往往是综合使用收视率和收视质的表现评估节目价值。     

The television news interview: A field study

The participant observation technique and interviews provide the methodology for observing the television news interview process. The author provides a critical analysis.     

Mental illness on television: A study of censorship

This study was part of a larger project directed by C. E. Osgood and J. C. Nunally of the University of Illinois, conducted under a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. It is especially interesting, not only because of the current controversy over television program control, but for the light it throws on the operation of the network departments charged with the censorship function.     

College students’ perceptions of television portrayals of Hispanics

Based on questionnaire responses from 381 undergraduate students, this study sought to examine perceptions of Hispanics on television. Results revealed that college students perceive Hispanics portrayals on television are mainly stereotypical and often highlight negative perceptions (e.g., lazy and ill-tempered). Students regarded Hispanics to be hardworking and to prioritize culture. Perceptions of Hispanic men were mainly controlling figures and Hispanic women were mostly caretaking characters. These findings suggest that television can affect the way college students view and possibly communicate with Hispanics.     

Program audience duplication: A study of television inheritance effects

Inheritance effects, especially high levels of audience duplication between adjacent programs, are a widely observed but little understood feature of audience behavior. This study places inheritance effects within a theoretical model of television program choice that attributes the general phenomenon to underlying patterns of audience availability. The absolute level of audience duplication between adjacent programs broadcast on the same network is determined by the rating of each program, the structure of available program options, and similarities in program type.     

The rules of viewing television in public places

Naturalistic methods were employed in studying television viewing in a variety of public places. The behavioral regularities that emerged included adjustment to the setting, to other viewers and to the television set, as well as an openness for television‐related interaction.     

Violence in television news: A case study of audience response

On February 2, 1968, about 20,000,000 Americans watched South Vietnam's Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan shoot a suspected Viet Cong in the head on a Saigon street. Color film of that execution was shown on NBC's Huntley‐Brinkley Report. There was also a black and white still photograph by Eddie Adams of Associated Press. The impact of that single news story on public opinion about the war will be argued for some time. In an attempt to analyze the audience reaction to the NBC film report, a content analysis of audience mail to NBC was performed. Further, questionnaires were sent to the letter‐writers for additional information and to further explore their reasons for writing.     

论西方广电传媒业的公共规制

本文通过对广播电视业的公共规制依据、西方广电传媒业的公共规制模式、西方广电传媒业的规制改革趋势的分析 ,力图从公共规制的角度来揭示西方现代广电传媒体制的多样性和普遍性 ,为我国的广电事业管理体制改革和广电事业公共规制理论的探索提供一些有益的启示。     

Factors affecting parental control over children's television viewing: A pilot study

In the pre-divestiture era, the regulatory environment in the US was fairly uniform and harmonious with the FCC setting the course and the PUCs making accommodative changes. The divestiture fractured this monolithic system as it forced the PUCs to respond to new forces unleashed in their own backyards. Within this new environment, there is considerable disparity among the PUCs in their ability to implement new ideas. This paper seeks to understand, via a comparative study of local telephone competition policy making in Arkansas and New York, the structural factors that influence PUCs' ability to introduce new ideas into their states.     

Research on children and television: A critique

This systematic content analysis compares local coverage of Hispanic‐American news across newspapers, radio and television in Southwest cities with substantial Hispanic populations. Story prominence, Hispanic representation and content are examined.     

Competitive pressure and arousing television news: a cross-cultural study

In many scholarly writings about journalism, the idea can be found that competitive pressure urges journalists to make news more arousing. This hypothesis was tested in two cultural settings: the Western European culture and the Chinese-dominated culture. A total of 3028 TV news stories from seven different markets, or 12 different news programs, were analyzed on the presence of arousing news characteristics. High competitive pressure at the market level appeared to contribute to the prevalence of arousing news, but this effect was more pronounced in the Chinese-dominated culture than in the Western European culture. Effects of high competitive pressure at the station level were only observed in the Western European culture.     

A study of Australian and Singaporean perceptions of source credibility

This study investigated the difference between Singaporean and Australian perceptions of source credibility. The data suggested that whereas the Australians employed the main factors of expertise and trust, the Singaporeans employed one factor to cover these two dimensions that seemed to be a combination of expertise and trust.     

当代西方公共广播电视体制的基本类型

当代西方诸国公共广播电视经营机构一方面依法独立运行 ,普遍地具有一系列共同的基本特征 ;另一方面由于同社会众基本政治力量结成不同的政治调控关系 ,而形成彼此相异的体制类型 ,主要有国有公营型、国有国会主导型、社会联合公营型和国有政府主导型等。     

Teachers and librarians collaborating on inquiry-based science instruction: A longitudinal study

The qualitative, longitudinal study suggests how teachers and librarians learn to collaborate on inquiry-based science lessons that link science, information literacy, and structured English immersion standards for Latino elementary students. Teachers and librarians in the study received extensive professional development training about teacher and librarian collaboration (TLC), information literacy, inquiry-based science, as well as language and culture. In addition, expert peer mentors provided background information to teachers and librarians, as well as modeled high end TLC recommended by school librarian professional guidelines. Although increased interest and high motivation are generated by TLC, findings indicate that considerable time and experience are needed to prepare teachers and librarians to collaborate on instruction. Study results also indicate that there is an apparent lack of experience with inquiry-based science, particularly in schools with a culture of direct instruction. The study highlights teachers' lack of awareness of librarians' role as instructional partners. Greater communication between the professions is urged if TLC is to be successfully implemented as a way to bolster student achievement and stay updated in important fields, such as science, where instruction appears to be lagging behind.     

Use and evaluation of information from social media: A longitudinal cohort study

This cohort study examined longitudinal changes in undergraduates' use of social media as information sources in academic and everyday-life contexts, covering types of social media used, purposes of use, and evaluation strategies. Web surveys were used, collecting data from 1,355 and 928 undergraduates in 2013 and 2019. The study found that students used most types of social media less in 2019 than 2013 in both contexts. Only media-sharing services bucked this downward pattern. Overall, a majority of social media types underwent changes in the top three purposes of use. The 2019 cohort used most evaluation strategies more frequently in both contexts. However, they favored simplistic strategies relying on superficial physical cues when evaluating information. Based on the findings, this study provided recommendations for information literacy education and interface design, such as covering multimedia information evaluation, leveraging various heuristics to prime careful use of social media and analytical evaluation of information.