Rural Libraries- A Comparative Study in Four States of India

Abstract

The role information plays in socio-economic development can not be over-emphasized. People need different types of information in their day-to-day life and their information seeking behaviour also differs from person to person. In India, 70 percent of the population lives in rural areas. The access the rural population has to information sources is very limited. Libraries, in addition to other sources, form a major source of information. However, the libraries in rural areas, as observed from earlier studies, are traditional in nature and not well equipped to effectively cater to the information needs of the rural people. Non-existence of library legislation in various states of India is one of the factors which adversely affected the development of a library system. This present study examines the status of rural libraries in four states of India, the information needs of the people in the study area, and their information seeking behaviour. The study also examines the role of the latest IT techniques in improving the present status of rural libraries.

This study concludes that the libraries existing presently in rural areas are in a poor state of affairs. Lack of adequate resources, financial and human, is identified as the major reason for the present status of rural libraries. As far as information needs, a majority of respondents look for information relating to development schemes, employment opportunities, education, health, etc. Mass media including newspaper, TV, and radio are the major sources of information, followed by relatives/friends, and government officials. This study suggests the transformation of existing libraries or establishing a new set up of dynamic information centres with the help of the latest IT to effectively cater to the information needs of the rural people.     

八十年类书研究之检讨

类书是一种特殊的文献编纂形式。检讨近八十年来有关类书的研究状况,类书的研究可以分为相关研究专著与相关研究论文两部分。从相关研究专著来看,各成体系,面也铺得较宽;从相关研究论文来看,对类书的研究主要集中在类书与目录学的关系、类书与索引的关系、类书的分类体系与分类思想、类书产生与发展的原因、类书的起源、类书的性质、类书的综论性研究、类书的功用、类书与文学的关系、类书的现代化、类书与文献编纂、类书的编纂思想、敦煌类书等十几个方面。同时,指出了八十年来类书研究的不足之处,以期对将来的类书研究有所帮助。     

后知识服务时代的图书馆转型

转型既是当代图书馆事业的主要特征,也是图书馆学理论研究关注的焦点。目前,图书馆转型处于后知识服务时代,创新成为一种常态,转型成为时代议题,图书馆需要主动转型。图书馆转型是一个系统,除了社会环境和行业环境的深刻影响,还有存在于系统外部的外在驱动力和系统内部的内在驱动力,两者形成一种合力共同引向图书馆转型发展。后知识服务时代,图书馆转型由空间、资源、服务、管理四大要素构成,整体转型是四大要素转型共同作用的结果,而这一转型既需要解决内外部的原理问题,也需要解决理念、关键要素与路径问题。表2。参考文献57。     

Some Theory for the Conservation of Contemporary Art

ABSTRACT

This article analyzes different ontological categories and how they relate to the conservation of contemporary art. Faced with the necessity of apprehending the work of art from an ontological point of view, a theoretical approach is made on the concepts that most affect the conservation of contemporary art: quiddity, truth-authenticity, identity, quality, consistency, and interpretation. These are analyzed from an empirical perspective, based on the experience of conservation and restoration. Since conserving and restoring require making decisions that will affect the material and conceptual plane of the works, several possible paradigms that must be introduced into the deontological code of the profession are analyzed. In addition, the study of a new paradigm is provided, that of the death of the work of art. This paradigm can serve as a frame of reference, given the impossibility of bringing the ‘Truth’ of the artwork into the world of the sensitive. This may occur due to different conditioning factors and limitations of a material, technical, or intentional type, which affect issues that were once established as essential to the entity. On the other hand, different types of time that are related to the conservation of contemporary art are studied: biological time, the eternal present of the work, time as a constructor agent, and destructive time as a facilitator of the appearance of ruin or ruin-relic in the work of art.     

Investigating salt decay of stone materials related to the environment,a case study in the St. James church in Liège,Belgium

Salt crystallization is recognized as a major cause of damage to porous building materials, threatening the sustainable preservation of our valuable built heritage. Unfortunately, the crystallization behavior of the detected salt mixtures is complex and not fully understood. While the deliquescence points of single salts are well documented, this is not the case for salts in a mixture where one is confronted with the presence of different cations and anions. In this paper the salt content of the murals and the limestone tracery of the main entrance porch from the sixteenth century church of St. James in Liège, Belgium is investigated and related to the climatic conditions of its environment. Concerning the salt load, the research consists of hygroscopic moisture content measurements, quantitative ion analyses, and the prediction of phase equilibria using the thermodynamic model ECOS/RUNSALT. This model can predict the salt crystallization sequences of a particular ion mixture. The output is mathematically evaluated with collected temperature and relative humidity data, which enables the calculation of the number of salt crystallization–deliquescence cycles. The results show that even small amounts of salts can cause damage over a long period of time when the environment causes frequent cycles of crystallization–deliquescence over time. It is shown how a mixture of small amounts of (double) salts, including hygroscopic ones, can have a significant effect on the decay of historic building materials in the case of daily changing climatic conditions and periods of extreme drought. As a result, the crystallization of double salts and hygroscopic salts such as calcium nitrate cannot be ignored. The scientific method and the results are described.     

“互联网+”环境下图书馆跨界融合的实践与模式

[目的/意义]对"互联网+"战略背景下国内图书馆跨界融合的实践进行较为详细的梳理、分析和归纳,总结出图书馆跨界融合的模式、类型和特点,充实图书馆跨界融合的理论并为实践提供借鉴。[方法/过程]综合运用文献调查法、归纳法、案例分析法、观察法等研究方法,对图书馆的跨界融合实践进行研究,归纳出图书馆与互联网的深度融合、与图书出版发行业之间的融合、与网络电商的合作、与信用评估、金融机构相结合、与文化休闲类机构相结合、与其他可提供阅读空间的机构跨界合作等7种跨界方式,以此总结出图书馆跨界融合的具体模式。[结果/结论]图书馆跨界融合的模式主要有：图书馆与互联网的跨界融合、图书馆与相关行业上下游的跨界融合、图书馆与信用、金融机构的跨界融合、图书馆与文化休闲机构的跨界融合等。所有模式的共同点是跨界,但跨界的层次和程度各有不同,从跨界的领域、时限、机构、程度、范围、主动性6个方面进行分类,总结图书馆跨界融合的特点：资源共享、业界范围拓展、利益双赢和文化认同。指出图书馆跨界融合是一种必然的选择,但不要为跨界而跨界,要永葆图书馆服务的初心。     

Differential thermal expansion as a cause of salt decay: literature review,experiments, and modelling of micro and macro effects on Ançã limestone

Salt decay is one of the harshest, most frequent, and more complex types of decay of porous materials in built heritage, including natural stones, ceramics, and mortars. In this article, we address the mechanism of thermal expansion, which is one of the least studied, yet most controversial, of those proposed over time to explain salt decay. We present a review of scientific literature on the topic, followed by a study of the effects of thermal expansion on a specific material, the well-known Ançã limestone. The study included experimental measurement of the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the Ançã, both in its natural state and with varying contents of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, or sodium nitrate. The results show that this coefficient: (i) is significantly higher when the stone is contaminated with salt; and (ii) scales approximately with the amount of salt contained in the stone pores, regardless of the type of salt. Based on these results and on modelling of damage modes at the microscopic and macroscopic levels, respectively, we conclude that thermal expansion can cause powdering, disaggregation, or other types of decay consisting of internal loss of cohesion. However, it is not likely to cause exfoliation of salt-loaded layers.     

Tacit narratives: The meanings of archives

Archivists and historians usually consider archives as repositories of historical sources and the archivist as a neutral custodian. Sociologists and anthropologists see “the archive” also as a system of collecting, categorizing, and exploiting memories. Archivists are hesitantly acknowledging their role in shaping memories. I advocate that archival fonds, archival documents, archival institutions, and archival systems contain tacit narratives which must be deconstructed in order to understand the meanings of archives. Revision of a paper presented, on the invitation of the Master's Programme in Archival Studies, Department of History, University of Manitoba, in the History Department Colloquium series of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 20 February, 2001. Some of the arguments were used earlier in two papers I presented in the seminar “Archives, Documentation and the Institutions of Social Memory”, organized by the Bentley Historical Library and the International Institute of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 14 February, 2001.     

高校图书馆创新集成运行机制探析

阐释创新集成的内涵与高校图书馆创新集成的意义,剖析高校图书馆面临的问题,指出高校图书馆创新集成的目标是支撑高校知识创新体系、提高用户需求满足度、优化图书馆信息资源体系并促进图书馆可持续发展。构造高校图书馆创新集成运行模式,设计创新集成实现方案,并对资源创新、服务创新、技术创新、管理创新、组织创新和文化创新等创新集成运行要素分别做具体分析。     

国内图情档专业需求现状调查与分析

[目的/意义] 通过研究图书馆学、情报学、档案学专业（图情档）需求现状,为本领域相关人群提供就业参考,同时也为本学科的教学改革提供借鉴。[方法/过程] 运用内容分析法对2016全年度我国1 359家单位的图情档需求数据进行定量研究,以图情档毕业生的求职方向和求职问题为研究目标,选择招聘机构和相应的招聘信息为分析对象,设计不同维度的分析体系,在具体抽样分析和量化分析数据的基础上,得出结论。[结果/结论] 通过实证研究发现,图情档毕业生在就业时主要遇到户籍、第一学历、政治面貌和性别等的差别对待。最后,从求职者、用工单位及上级管理部门两个角度提出建议。     

从南京大学沈阳事件看高校人事档案管理与利用

档案即历史,人事档案就是个人历史记录的反映,它为用人单位考察个人提供参考,但如果不能合理管理与利用高校人事档案就会给用人单位造成一定损失甚至对整个社会产生不良影响。本文分别从思想认识和具体实践方面对沈阳事件中显现出的高校人事档案管理与利用漏洞进行思考,其中思想认识上从改变“重藏轻用”的观念、增强主动服务意识、树立合作意识和档案信息资源共享意识、打破监管意识淡薄的局面四个方面展开探讨,具体实践上则从完善高校人事档案管理法制法规、加强高校人事档案信息沟通、对高校人事档案管理及利用进行监管三个方面进行分析。最后本文结合“互联网+”的时代背景,提出要与时俱进地适应高校人事档案管理与利用的发展趋势。     

Fabrics for the twenty-first century: As artist canvas and for the structural reinforcement of easel paintings on canvas

Abstract

The requirements for, and assessment of, suitable fabrics for artist canvas and for the structural reinforcement of easel paintings on canvas are presented. Crucially, the aesthetic and kinaesthetic, as well as physical properties of the canvas fabrics have been taken into account. To evaluate the fabrics the following properties were measured: stiffness, ultimate tensile strength, moisture response, crimp, drape, and lustre. Fabrics investigated include cotton, linen, polyester, polyamides, and carbonized fibres. Although polyester is yet to match linen or cotton kinaesthetically or aesthetically, overall it exhibits the best combination of properties. However, the results have shown that even when raw fibre material has suitable properties the finished woven fabric may not. This is because of the strong influence of the woven geometry on the final behaviour. It has been found that drape and lustre are very good properties to quantify some aspects of the feel and look of fabrics, in the context of conservation, and to provide a common language to ensure that the specification incorporates these aspects.     

西方文献学的概念和理论体系及其启示

首次比较系统地梳理了西方文献学的基本概念、理论体系和方法论特征。首先辨析了"文献学"及其各种相关概念的中英文对译问题。其次分析了西方文献学的基本发展脉络,指出西方文献学的发展经历了早期文献整理活动、中世纪的文献传承、近代文献整理方法奠基以及文献理论的完善与科学化几个阶段。最后探讨了西方文献学的学科体系和理论方法特征,指出了近代西方文献学的科学化与思辨性倾向,以及语言学与解释学两种研究路向。西方文献学的丰富成果为中国文献学在理论和方法创新方面提供了十分有益的借鉴和启示。     

Measuring Weathering and Nanoparticle Coating Impact on Surface Roughness of Natural Stones

ABSTRACT

The surface texture of a stone represents a sensitive parameter in evaluating its conservation state. In monuments and sculptures, in fact, external agents continuously alter the appearance of stones, determining peculiar weathering patterns and modifying properties such as retention of water and particles, interaction with light, color, and finishing. The application of protective coatings also determines changes in surface appearance of a stone, usually evaluated and monitored by color change tests. Surface metrology methods offer the possibility to quantify these changes, evaluating the impact of external agents (natural, i.e. weathering, and artificially, i.e. protective coatings) on natural stones. In this research, we demonstrate the potential of surface areal measurements in describing the evolution of weathering processes and the effects of protective treatments on porous stone materials. The obtained results suggest that the extent of the modifications is related to the scale of observation (small- vs. large-scale undulations, i.e. roughness and waviness, respectively), with an overall increase of surface roughness as the weathering proceeds. Unexpectedly, coatings based on nanoparticle dispersions increase the topographic height parameters, due to the absence of a homogeneous film.     

中文科研论文未被引探索Ⅰ：外部特征影响研究——以图书馆情报与文献学为例

[目的/意义]探索论文未被引现象是引文分布研究中不可或缺的部分,不仅有利于丰富和扩展计量学的研究范畴,也有利于识别文献未被引的产生机制和最大限度避免科研资源浪费与提升科学交流效率。[方法/过程]以CSSCI为来源数据库,以图书馆情报与文献学为样本学科,随机选择200名学者为样本,获取这些学者的第一作者论文及相关引文数据,以6年为计量时间窗口,依析取的8个外部特征因素计算不同分组的未被引率,采用非参数方法检验各因素是否存在显著差异。[结果/结论]8个外部特征因素对论文未被引都有显著影响,其中作者所属机构的影响相对较小,作者发文时年龄与论文篇幅的影响相对较大,作者发文时职称、作者数量、参考文献数量、关键词数量、基金类别的影响程度大致相仿;各因素的未被引率在前3年的变化较为剧烈,后3年变化较为平缓;各因素未被引率的时间序列变化趋势各不相同,其影响平稳性也变化各异。     

京津冀高校机构知识库协同建设模式研究

[目的/意义]在高校机构知识库（IR）快速发展、京津冀协同发展和高校"双一流"建设背景下,研究京津冀高校IR协同建设模式。[方法/过程]首先回顾我国IR联盟的总体建设现状,然后从组织模式、系统平台、内容模式、服务模式、配套机制等方面分析典型IR联盟的建设模式,最后在调查京津冀三地高校IR建设现状与难点的基础上提出协同建设策略。[结果/结论]京津冀高校IR协同建设应加速高校IR普及建设、纳入高校IR联盟体系和借鉴IR联盟成功经验。     

Analysis of the urban/rural broadband divide in Canada: Using GIS in planning terrestrial wireless deployment

Millions of Canadians residing in Canada's northern, isolated, rural, and remote communities do not have broadband Internet access. This situation has led to a national “broadband divide.” That is, the deployment of wireline broadband is very limited in Canada's northern, isolated, rural, and remote areas because of the significant expense of installation and maintenance of the wired infrastructure needed to reach dwellings in these locations.Terrestrial broadband wireless technology, on the other hand, does not entail the same kind of physical infrastructure. As a result, there are dramatic changes in how spatial considerations affect the provision of broadband Internet services (BIS) to areas beyond the urban zone. In particular, the spatial question is now focused on assessing the capacity for different technological solutions to reach profitable population bases, and brings to the forefront organizations that are developing non-line-of-sight (NLOS) technologies that would permit wireless Internet access over much greater distances than current solutions.We begin this paper by establishing the importance of broadband connectivity to Canada's northern, isolated, rural, and remote communities. This discussion comments on the role of the Government of Canada in the provision of broadband connectivity to residents of these communities, and outlines the current regulatory issues that govern wireless services and policy formulation.The second part of the paper illustrates the use of geographic information system (GIS) approaches in the study of wireless broadband planning and deployment. Case study findings suggest that GIS applications can make a significant contribution to the analysis of wireless deployment planning, to the understanding of the relationships between wireless signal sources and consumers, and to the spatial configuration of terrestrial wireless broadband networks. We conclude the paper by discussing how the GIS approach employed could be used to inform the public policy process with regard to increasing access to broadband Internet services in all regions of the country, and thereby providing the opportunity for all Canadians, regardless of location, to fully participate in the Information Society.     

市民素养与韧性社会--公共图书馆参与社会转型的一个新课题

[目的/意义]一个社区是否强大,有赖于该社区民众的内力,这种内力就是韧性。韧性是一种适应并应对变化的能力。一个有韧性的人,不仅有危机意识,有开放的心态,而且有应对变化和解决问题的素养。图书馆服务不仅潜移默化地提升民众的韧性素养,而且为他们提供了有利于学习和交流的安全舒适的空间。[方法/过程]从图书馆所处的社会背景及其需求出发,聚焦韧性与可持续发展、阅读与信息服务在韧性培育中所起的作用、韧性社会与图书馆发展3个方面的问题,通过分析图书馆的社会功能及其在社会发展尤其是在抵御风险过程中应有的作用,进一步表明图书馆与韧性社会建设之间的关联,并提出可化为具体行动的对策和建议。[结果/结论]首先,要充分认识图书馆开展韧性素养教育的意义,并以此为切入点,努力拓展图书馆参与并融入社会的发展空间。图书馆要以社会需求为导向,将各种相关服务拓展到社会、家庭和个人。图书馆不仅要开展韧性素养教育,而且要为民众提升信息素养、媒体素养、技术素养以及职业素养等创造有利条件,为他们提供和谐安全的分享和交流空间。其次,要着力创新韧性素养教育活动,开拓新的服务项目。图书馆在继续开展阅读推广活动的同时,也应将阅读推广中积累起来的成功经验和最佳实践有效应用到韧性素养活动中,并通过参与社区韧性建设,拓展图书馆服务社区的新空间和新技能。最后,要大力提升图书馆应对各类风险和危机的能力及馆员自身的韧性素养。图书馆要树立大安全观和危机管理意识,増强抵御各类风险和危机的能力。韧性素养教育的过程也是馆员自我学习和锻炼的过程,要紧紧抓住这一机遇,努力以更强大、更坚定的职业韧性投入并服务于韧性社会建设。     

TOWARDS A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON LOCATING ONLINE NEWS IN THE NEWS ECOLOGY

As, historically, has been common with newly emergent media, the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s was greeted with a discourse of revolutionary impacts, premised on a technological logic of development. In the case of news, the Web was expected to drive a more democratic, transparent and accountable journalism. This article argues that the application of a strong historical perspective to scholarship on online news is necessary to gauge the depth of any changes from and the strength of continuity with print and broadcast news. It examines the historical development of mass media and of journalism in the context of industrial capitalism to trace the emergence of the ‘news ecology’ that permeates print, broadcast and, now, online media. It examines this through a sample of websites maintained by Irish national and local newspapers, and the country's public service broadcaster, between 1994 and 2010.     

图书馆联盟自组织理论及发展研究

文章从自组织理论视角探讨图书馆联盟发展与演进过程。首先,解释了自组织理论及意义,从开放性、远离平衡态、非线性相互作用、“涨落”分析了自组织产生的条件及演化过程,并分析了图书馆联盟“自组织特性”。然后,从子系统非线性竞争和协同发展、“涨落”和“突变”、超循环方面研究图书馆联盟自组织演化。最后,建立了图书馆联盟自组织机制,从培育内生增长、推动各子系统协同融合和协同创新、抓住发展机遇、重视和争取联盟外部发展环境等方面探讨了图书馆联盟发展策略。