Homophobia and university law enforcement students

There is little research on homophobia among university-level law enforcement students, nor strategies for teaching gay issues. This paper analyzes gay issues as provided in textbooks for law enforcement students, and homophobia among law enforcement students. A content analysis of textbooks reveals little treatment of gay issues or working with the gay community and the lack of attention is disparate with that granted other minorities. Measures of homophobia comparing law enforcement students with other students indicate that law enforcement students hold higher levels of homophobia.     

Forensic medical results and law enforcement actions following sexual assault: A comparison of child,adolescent and adult cases

BackgroundIn sexual assault cases, little research has examined differences in forensic medical findings and law enforcement response by victim age across the entire age range.ObjectiveThis study addressed this gap by comparing four victim age groups: adults, adolescents over the age of consent, adolescents under the age of consent, and children under 12.Participants and settingCases were randomly sampled from a statewide database of medical reports on sexual assault examinations conducted in hospital emergency departments, including only cases reported to law enforcement (N = 563).MethodsData were combined from a medical report database, from coding of medical documentation and crime laboratory reports, and from case data provided by law enforcement.ResultsRates for both younger and older adolescent victims and adult victims were comparable, with no statistically significant differences on most variables: penetration, perpetrator use of force, non-genital and genital injuries, presence of biological evidence, generating assailant DNA profiles, DNA match to suspect, hits in the FBI’s DNA database, and law enforcement unfounding (i.e., determining allegations to be false or baseless). Child victims were significantly less likely to have a non-genital injury, and their cases were significantly more likely to be founded by law enforcement. Arrests were significantly more likely when victims were under the age of consent.ConclusionsDespite significant differences by victim age, similarity between adolescent and adult cases was substantial. Both younger and older adolescents may be at higher risk of physical violence during sexual assault than previously recognized, and need greater attention in response systems.     

我国行政执法的政治学思考

行政执法是我国政治学研究的重要内容。我国国家机构的运行机制还处在不断的完善之中,对行政执法理论及实践研究还不够,一方面要看到行政执法工作取得了巨大成绩,另一方面也要看到行政执法工作存在的问题,以期加强和改进行政执法工作。     

Enhancing law enforcement identification and investigation of child maltreatment

OBJECTIVE: Data from two independent studies is presented, representing the investigators' ongoing work with faculty from a state criminal justice academy to analyze existing knowledge and skill levels among veteran law enforcement officers and recruits, as well as to enhance future training. METHOD: Through an anonymous questionnaire, the first of these studies examined officers' perceptions of maltreatment, including those factors that do and do not influence a determination of whether a particular act constitutes child maltreatment and assessments of whether particular acts constitute abuse or neglect. The second study also utilized an anonymous questionnaire to examine officers' knowledge of the developmental strengths and limitations of children relative to their ability to provide accurate information in suspected cases of child maltreatment. RESULTS: As hypothesized, several gaps both in law enforcement officers' knowledge of certain characteristics that can serve to denote a case of maltreatment and their knowledge of fundamental developmental issues and interview techniques that could assist them in the performance of their professional duties are identified. CONCLUSIONS: Suggestions for enhanced law enforcement training programs are presented and discussed.     

论我国反垄断法执法机构的设置

本文认为,我国设置反垄断法的执法机构应当综合考虑反垄断法自身的特点及任务、现有相关机构设置及功能以及国外经验的比较借鉴等因素,建立一个专业、权威的反垄断执法机构,以保障我国反垄断法的有效实施。     

Attitudes,perceptions, and aging knowledge of future law enforcement and recreation majors

The present study assessed knowledge of aging, ageism, and attitudes toward aging in undergraduate recreation and law enforcement majors. Past research with psychology, social work, and nursing majors showed that greater knowledge of aging was related to fewer ageist attitudes and beliefs. The results showed that law enforcement students possessed greater knowledge of aging, and endorsed fewer ageist attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes than recreation majors. Correlations between knowledge of aging and subscales of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism were significant for both groups. Group differences were also noted on the ASD-Instrumentality subscale and FSA Discrimination subscale. The results suggest that the infusion of information on growth and development through the lifecycle was not evident for recreation majors. Discussion focuses on the importance of incorporating information about adulthood and aging and identifying other factors that may promote more positive attitudes toward older adults in these majors.     

试论我国行政执法文化建设

在社会主义文化大繁荣、大发展的历史背景下,建设行政执法文化有利于建立执法者所共同信仰、遵守和共同拥护、执行的执法理念及执法价值观,维护社会的和谐发展和法律的公平正义。现代行政执法是在责任型政府领导下以"民本位"为核心的效率性、有限性、参与性执法,加强行政执法文化建设应当从处于中心地位的精神文化建设、处于中层地位的制度文化建设以及占重要组成部分的物质文化建设三方面着力,协同推进,唯此才能保证其全面健康发展。     

提升档案行政执法效果需刚柔并济

1988年《档案法》颁布实施以来,档案执法部门采取的执法手段主要是刚性的行为,柔性措施应用不足。本文针对刚性执法与柔性措施的关系进行了分析,认为:刚性执法是柔性措施的实施保障,柔性措施是刚性执法的必要补充,刚柔并济是提高行政执法水平的有效途径。最后,从刚性执法和柔性措施两个方面提出了提升我国档案执法效果的措施建议。     

The evolution of higher education in law enforcement: Preliminary findings from a national study

The preliminary results are reported in a national study of police education. All state police agencies, all municipal agencies serving populations greater than 50,000, and all sheriff's departments with more than 100 sworn officers were surveyed to obtain data on the level of higher education in the departments, policies in support of college education, and the effect of higher education on policing. The survey was followed by indepth site visits to San Diego, San Jose, and Sacramento, California; Kansas City, Missouri; New York City; Tulsa, Oklahoma; and Largo, Florida. Significant findings showed that the average educational level of police officers has risen steadily over the past two decades; that only a small proportion of police departments formally require college for employment of promotion; that the great majority, however, have educational support policies and an “informal” criterion of college for selection and promotion or officers. The data also show that minorities are being recruited effectively and hired with educational levels competitive with those of whites; that women are being recruited effectively with mean educational levels nearly a year higher than those of males; and that employment of minorities in law enforcement in the study population is proportionately comparable to the proportions of minorities in the general population.     

我国消防执法规范化建设中存在的问题及应对之策

本文针对当前消防执法规范化建设中存在的薄弱环节,认真分析原因,进而有针对性地提出加强消防执法规范化建设的应对之策,以最大限度满足人民群众对严格、公正、文明、高效执法的新期待和新要求。     

The effectiveness of problem-based learning on teaching the first law of thermodynamics

Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching approach working in cooperation with self-learning and involving research to solve real problems. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but that energy is conserved. Students had difficulty learning or misconceptions about this law. This study is related to the teaching of the first law of thermodynamics within a PBL environment.

Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of PBL on candidate science teachers’ understanding of the first law of thermodynamics and their science process skills. This study also examined their opinions about PBL.

Sample: The sample consists of 48 third-grade university students from the Department of Science Education in one of the public universities in Turkey.

Design and methods: A one-group pretest–posttest experimental design was used. Data collection tools included the Achievement Test, Science Process Skill Test, Constructivist Learning Environment Survey and an interview with open-ended questions. Paired samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in pre/post tests.

Results: The PBL approach has a positive effect on the students’ learning abilities and science process skills. The students thought that the PBL environment supports effective and permanent learning, and self-learning planning skills. On the other hand, some students think that the limited time and unfamiliarity of the approach impede learning.

Conclusions: The PBL is an active learning approach supporting students in the process of learning. But there are still many practical disadvantages that could reduce the effectiveness of the PBL. To prevent the alienation of the students, simple PBL activities should be applied from the primary school level. In order to overcome time limitations, education researchers should examine short-term and effective PBL activities.     

Child sexual abuse in Indonesia: A systematic review of literature,law and policy

BackgroundLike many middle-income countries, knowledge about child sexual abuse (CSA) is limited in Indonesia. The national government has stated a commitment to protect children from the worst forms of abuse, yet the sensitivity of CSA along with the complexity of culture and law, present substantial challenges.ObjectiveThis article reviews current knowledge about CSA in Indonesia, in the context of existing laws and policies that influence CSA prevention and intervention.MethodA systematic review of this research was conducted in the following manner: a review of scholarly literature and grey literature in English (19 papers) and in Bahasa Indonesian (11 papers), and a review of CSA-related Indonesian laws (4 documents) and policies (5 documents).ResultsThis review finds that knowledge about CSA in Indonesia is still limited. The taboos on discussing sexual matters were identified as factors that impede reporting of CSA. Poverty also leads to increasing children’s risk of sexual abuse. There was less attention to CSA occurring within family contexts and focus was more upon its occurrence outside of the family. The study identified that contradictory definitions of children within the law add to children’s vulnerability to CSA; this is especially the case for girls. Current child protection strategies in prevention and intervention lack specific focus on CSA.ConclusionFurther research is needed to enable the development of evidence-based approaches to better harmonize the development of law and policy with contemporary knowledge about CSA.     

论加强和完善检察机关对行政执法的监督

人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关，依法对行政机关的执法活动进行监督是其重要职责。在实际运作中，存在有检察监督力度不够，措施不力，手腕不硬，以致于效果不佳的情况。正确理解坚持党对检察机关的领导，理顺检察机关与政府之间的关系，健全检察监督法制，推进检察制度改革是加强和完善检察机关对行政执法监督的重要措施。     

我国政法机关在执法时凸现的弊端与解决对策

我国是人民民主专政的社会主义国家,实行人民民主专政符合国家的根本利益和要求。社会主义法治国家必须把党的领导、人民民主和严格执法办事三者结合起来,这就要求我们牢固树立社会主义法治理念,加强党的政法队伍建设;做到依法治国同社会主义精神文明建设紧密结合,同步推进,保障我国特色社会主义建设的伟大事业顺利发展。     

Finding the law: A criminal justice guide to basic legal research techniques

Either by choice or by necessity, criminal justice students, educators, researchers, administrators, and practitioners frequently seek information or engage in conduct that somehow concerns the law. There are numerous reasons why persons interested in criminal justice theory and practice may want or need legal knowledge, but a lack of familiarity with the basic techniques for conducting legal research may inhibit access to this knowledge. This article describes the reference materials available for legal research, explains how they are used, and suggests why it is important that more people who are involved with criminal justice become skilled in the basic techniques of legal research.     

Teaching the ultimate crime: Genocide and international law in the criminal justice curriculum

The rapid expansion of international law and the establishment of an international criminal court have resulted in new justice institutions that should not be ignored in criminal justice curricula. Genocide, as the focal point of an entire course or a unit within other courses, provides instructors with an organizational framework for addressing a wide variety of topics related to international law. This paper discusses how the crime of genocide can be integrated into criminal justice curricula and the opportunities it provides for examining international law, history, current events, and the interdependence of criminal justice system components. A course on genocide taught to advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students is described and evaluated.     

Teaching statistics through the law

Class examples for a standard introductory statistics course usually involve a variety of applications. In this paper, we consider the teaching of statistics using forensic science and the law, an area that holds some fascination with many audiences.     

Teaching criminal investigation/criminalistics with Fatal Vision/Fatal Justice

This article discusses how two publications can be utilized as a practical pedagogical tool when teaching courses covering criminal investigations and criminalistics. The first book, Fatal Vision, has proven to be a useful tool in complementing a criminal investigations textbook with a real-life scenario that students can analyze and draw upon to understand the importance of evidence collection at a crime scene. The second book, Fatal Justice, has proven to be the natural extension of the first book, which serves as a useful tool in explaining the connection between evidence collection and forensic science, providing a real-world, in-depth, and controversial exploration of criminalistics.     

Abusive head trauma in Maine infants: medical,child protective,and law enforcement analysis

OBJECTIVE: To collect and compare the results of medical, child protective, and law enforcement evaluation of a sample of Maine children who were victims of abusive head trauma (AHT) in order to describe the clinical and evaluative characteristics as they relate to victims, families and perpetrators of such trauma and to improve the professional response to AHT in Maine.METHOD: Retrospective chart review of medical, child protective, and law enforcement records of all AHT victims admitted to two tertiary care hospitals in Maine or seen by the state medical examiner from 1991 to 1994.RESULTS: Nineteen children (age range 2 weeks to 17 months) were identified as victims of AHT (out of a total of 94 head trauma admissions) accounting for 20 hospitalizations during the study period. There was a history of prior injury in 30%, history of prior medical evaluations for possibly abuse related problems in 65%, while, on presentation, 75% had evidence or history of prior injury. The hospitals notified child protective services (CPS) in all 20 cases and correctly identified abuse in 18 (90%). Parental risk factors for abuse identified in CPS records included substance abuse (53%), domestic violence (42%), criminal history (32%), unrealistic expectations (42%), and attachment problems (32%). However, risk factors were inadequately assessed in 53% of homes. Law enforcement identified a likely perpetrator in 79% of cases and in the majority the identified suspect was the father. In the 15 cases where a perpetrator was identified by law enforcement, that person was alone with the child at symptom onset in 14 (93%).CONCLUSIONS: The medical response, at least at the inpatient level, was generally well done with regard to suspicion and reporting. Cases are possibly being missed at the outpatient level. Child protective risk assessment was limited overall yet in a third of the homes where AHT occurred, few if any risk factors were present to aid in identification and prevention. Law enforcement results suggest that a primary suspect for AHT is the caretaker alone with the child at the time of symptom onset.     

Navigating fluid epistemic spaces: emerging challenges for student knowing and learning in public international law

ABSTRACT

This article explores challenges for knowing and learning in evolving knowledge fields. Legal education is chosen as a particularly interesting case as the knowledge field of law is expanding to international law with a multitude of actors, obligations, conventions and interpreters. In the current study, students’ group work with case assignments was observed and interviews with students and teachers conducted within a course in public international law. The following question was examined: What learning challenges do the students face when solving cases in international law? By employing sociomaterial perspectives on navigation as finding ways to interpretational possibilities in evolving and complex constellations of procedures, texts, and various actors in the knowledge field, the study pursued an analytical interest in how professional resources were assembled in the students’ work, and how such assemblages served to order practice and justify their decisions. The analysis showed that the students’ previously learned strategies for linking authoritative texts and questions in defining and solving legal problems were challenged by less stabilised constellations of textual sources and interpreters of law. The analysis also revealed tensions in the course setting between demands of navigating more open knowledge landscapes and expectations about student behaviour in current educational practices.