历史比较初论:比较研究的一般逻辑

当代西方分析哲学与科学哲学思想中有关“不可公度性”的讨论,为我们深入探究历史比较的理论根基提供了参照。历史比较必须遵循一般比较研究的逻辑:比较是不可公度性与可公度性的统一;比较研究中,不能由比较对象之间局部要素的可公度性推导出整体的可公度性;比较对象的可公度性与不可公度性随着比较者设定的比较范围或概念层次而变化;没有比较就没有认识;事物的本质并非完全外在于比较者的客观存在,它同时也有赖于比较者的理论构想;比较研究意在形成新的认同,而在比较研究中保持差异是比较研究成为一种创造性活动的源泉。     

Toward an Analytic Framework of Interdisciplinary Reasoning and Communication (IRC) Processes in Science

Students need to think and work across disciplinary boundaries in the twenty-first century. However, it is unclear what interdisciplinary thinking means and how to analyze interdisciplinary interactions in teamwork. In this paper, drawing on multiple theoretical perspectives and empirical analysis of discourse contents, we formulate a theoretical framework that helps analyze interdisciplinary reasoning and communication (IRC) processes in interdisciplinary collaboration. Specifically, we propose four interrelated IRC processes—integration, translation, transfer, and transformation, and develop a corresponding analytic framework. We apply the framework to analyze two meetings of a project that aims to develop interdisciplinary science assessment items. The results illustrate that the framework can help interpret the interdisciplinary meeting dynamics and patterns. Our coding process and results also suggest that these IRC processes can be further examined in terms of interconnected sub-processes. We also discuss the implications of using the framework in conceptualizing, practicing, and researching interdisciplinary learning and teaching in science education.     

当代美术交叉学科发展析因

交叉学科亦即学科有机综合,已成为当代科学发展主流。当前美术交叉学科发展已经成为美术学科建设不可忽视的重要方向。分析了这一现象出现的内外部原因,并阐述了美术这一概念自身包容性;美术领域的扩大;美术理论实践选择;社会多元标准和美术学科自身发展需要等原因对当前美术理论向交叉学科发展的影响。     

Let the Questions Be Your Guide: MBE as Interdisciplinary Science

From its inception, the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) has been conceived as an interdisciplinary science, and with good reason: The phenomena the field aims to understand often arise from interactions among multiple factors, span levels of analysis, and are context dependent. In this article, we argue that to reach its potential as an interdisciplinary science—and in order to explain such complex phenomena—MBE must be fundamentally organized around meaningful, discipline‐spanning questions, and the questions must determine tools and research methods (not the other way around). Using examples from three central questions in MBE—“who,”“when,” and “how”—we highlight the limits of single disciplines, and the value of a question‐driven interdisciplinary approach in MBE, with respect to questions that can be asked, the perspectives that can be considered, and the array of methods, tools, and models that can be made available. We believe that the future is bright for MBE, and that the field has a unique opportunity to provide meaningful answers to some of the most difficult questions in education today. However, realizing this potential depends on, as a first step, allowing the questions themselves to drive the field's work moving forward.     

Incommensurability and Multiple Models: Representations of the Structure of Matter in Undergraduate Chemistry Students

The notion of incommensurability has provided a rationality criterion for the development of scientific theories, as well as some insight into theories developed by students while learning science. However, the relationship between the multiple models held by students and incommensurability requires further discussion. We present the results of empirical work that investigated the multiple models of the structure of the matter held by university students and we analyze these results using the notion of incommensurability. We also point out implications in the construction of students’ scientific models as they move forward in their careers.     

论理工科大学社科科研管理的改革

STS所倡导的是一种跨学科、跨专业领域的意识和精神,可指导高校社科科研管理工作的改革。根据当前高校社科科研管理面临的新形势,理工科优势大学社科科研以STS理论和方法为指导,引证举例,提出了理工科大学社科科研体制改革的方法及途径。     

Exploring the Role of Ideology in Interdisciplinary Science Education Policy

Despite its popularity in education studies literature, interdisciplinary science education is mostly considered outside the multitude of social forces that drive education reform. This has contributed to a mythologizing of interdisciplinary science education and lead to assumptions about the necessity of its intervention into science education practice. This research constructs a critical analysis of interdisciplinary science education by exploring a philosophical understanding of the relations between scientific disciplines, investigating discourse about interdisciplinarity in science education policy literature, and provides socioeconomic context for this reform movement. In particular, Louis Althusser's theory of ideology as material force, his conception of the spontaneous philosophy of scientists, and his theses on the ideological nature of interdisciplinary science are foundational to this critique. Althusser's contributions allow for critical reflection on interdisciplinarity and the effects of promoting it throughout scientific enterprise. Viewing interdisciplinary science education through this critical lens allows for demarcating the ideological narratives of reformist discourse from the intended outcomes of reform. This investigation elucidates the intervention of interdisciplinarity as an ideological force governing the reproduction of scientific labor, with intended downstream socioeconomic effects, such as shifting science labor from the public sector to private industry to accommodate for austerity. The conclusions of this analysis advocate for historical materialist methodologies in science education research and critical education studies, while emphasizing the role of ideology in socioeconomic reproduction.     

An Immanent Critique of Critical Pedagogy

In this essay, Quentin Wheeler‐Bell aims to reframe recent attempts to rethink the core principles of critical pedagogy. He argues that these attempts have been unsuccessful because they reproduce a deeper problem — specifically, an identity crisis — within critical pedagogy. The source of this problem, he contends, is that those working in this tradition have, over time, become more distant from and forgetful of its roots in critical theory; as a result, critical pedagogy is now in a state of dilution and fragmentation in which critical pedagogues are unable to bring the plurality of critical education approaches together theoretically around a set of shared principles. In order to address this problem and begin to reframe the core principles of critical pedagogy, Wheeler‐Bell first briefly sketches the debates around Max Horkheimer's classic essay “Critical Theory and Traditional Theory,” focusing on why critical theory grew into an interdisciplinary tradition situated between philosophy and social science. Then he explains why the recent attempts to rethink critical pedagogy rely upon a problematic, albeit dominant, narrative of the critical education tradition — a narrative that only tacitly recognizes a connection between critical education and critical theory. This dominant narrative contributes to the identity crisis within critical education because it supports a collective memory loss regarding the importance of both philosophy and social science to critical theory. Finally, Wheeler‐Bell attempts to develop a thin definition of critical education: one that connects critical education back to its roots in critical theory, while respecting the plurality of critical education approaches.     

Building the Bridge Between Science and Practice: Essential Characteristics of a Translational Framework

Mind, brain, and education is a field developed with two key purposes: (1) to accelerate the knowledge developed through research by using an interdisciplinary approach, and (2) to create a bridge to connect and apply this knowledge to educational practice. While great progress has been made with regard to the interdisciplinary efforts of mind, brain and education, a chasm remains between the fields of science and educational practice. This article presents the case for bridging that chasm through the development of a translational and bidirectional framework that allows the fields of science and educational practice to access and influence each other. The characteristics of such a framework are proposed as theory‐driven and perspective‐neutral, interdisciplinary and interdependent, grounded in the science of development, context‐sensitive, and allowing for falsifiability. Potential enablers for the successful implementation of such a framework are proposed.     

Deconstructing science

In this paper I expand on the premises of Jesse Bazzul’s thesis in his paper, Neoliberal ideology, global capitalism, and science education: engaging the question of subjectivity, exploring the implications of the ideologies within the culturally emerging logic of science exposes the incommensurability of intents and purposes in its methods and epistemology. I argue that science needs to acknowledge the subjectivity at its core to make space for non-absolute agents and new fields of study.     

单量子系统状态相等的两类充分必要条件

量子信息学是数学、物理学与计算机科学相交叉的学科,矩阵理论是基础数学的重要研究领域之一,同时其研究内容和方法在量子信息学中有广泛的应用。von Neumann熵与数值半径是量子信息理论中的基本概念。文中利用矩阵理论研究了单量子系统状态von Neumann熵与数值半径的秩一扰动,给出了单量子系统状态相等的两类充分必要条件。     

第三种文化视角下公众领域的弦理论争论

科学家共同体内部一直在争论弦理论是不是科学,理论的支持者们认为该理论是最有希望的统一理论,反对者们却强调它不能付诸实验检验。伴随着弦理论在公众领域的传播,争论蔓延至大众媒体,且从最初的科学维度扩张到哲学和社会学维度。从哲学和社会学角度争论弦理论是否是科学、弦理论是否造成了物理学不良的社会学氛围、科学家在传播科学时遵循什么样的科学精神气质,形成了对布罗克曼第三种文化的深化,实现了科学文化与人文文化的沟通。     

Interdisciplinary science research and education

Science history shows us that interdisciplinarity is a spontaneous process that is intrinsic to, and engendered by, research activity. It is an activity that is done rather than an object to be designed and constructed. We examine three vignettes from the history of science that display the interdisciplinary process at work and consider the implications for education. We consider recent examples of interdisciplinary science education, including where interdisciplinarity involves students in authentic scientific research. We conclude that the reconciliation of research and education is a meaningful role for interdisciplinary practice in science education.     

基于复杂性科学的企业创新机理研究

创新是知识、经济与社会等多种因素交互作用的复杂动力过程，是一种复杂非线性系统。基于复杂科学管理的理论，通过分析企业创新的复杂性，运用复杂科学管理理论阐释了企业创新机理，认为：随机涨落是创新的诱因、自组织“双环”学习是创新的前提条件、正规系统与影子系统交互作用是创新的根本机制、新资源整合是提高创新能力的重要途径。     

Disciplinary Foundations for Solving Interdisciplinary Scientific Problems

Problem-solving has been one of the major strands in science education research. But much of the problem-solving research has been conducted on discipline-based contexts; little research has been done on how students, especially individuals, solve interdisciplinary problems. To understand how individuals reason about interdisciplinary problems, we conducted an interview study with 16 graduate students coming from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds. During the interviews, we asked participants to solve two interdisciplinary science problems on the topic of osmosis. We investigated participants’ problem reasoning processes and probed in their attitudes toward general interdisciplinary approach and specific interdisciplinary problems. Through a careful inductive content analysis of their responses, we studied how disciplinary, cognitive, and affective factors influenced their interdisciplinary problems-solving. We found that participants’ prior discipline-based science learning experiences had both positive and negative influences on their interdisciplinary problem-solving. These influences were embodied in their conceptualization of the interdisciplinary problems, the strategies they used to integrate different disciplinary knowledge, and the attitudes they had toward interdisciplinary approach in general and specific interdisciplinary problems. This study sheds light on interdisciplinary science education by revealing the complex relationship between disciplinary learning and interdisciplinary problem-solving.     

What Social Scientists Have Learned About Civic Education: A Review of the Literature

Historically there has been a relative dearth of social science research into civic education—even in political science, a discipline that had civic education as one of its founding objectives. This is partly due to the mistaken impression that civics instruction has no effect on civic and political participation, a conclusion that was once conventional wisdom but has since been refuted. More and more evidence has accumulated that well-designed civic education—both formal and informal—has meaningful, long-lasting effects on the civic engagement of young people. Existing research finds four aspects of schooling that affect civic learning and engagement: classroom instruction, extracurricular activities, service learning, and a school’s ethos. Furthermore, state-level civics exams can positively affect knowledge about politics and government. The unifying theme that arises from this burgeoning literature is that effective civic education can compensate for a dearth of civic resources in the home and community. However, the renaissance of research into civic education is only just beginning, as more needs to be done. The existing data are too limited, and randomized studies are rare. Truly advancing our understanding of civic education will require a large-scale, multi-method, interdisciplinary effort.     

语言生态学研究面面观

语言生态学是语言学领域一门新兴的交叉学科分支,是人种语言学、人类语言学和社会语言学等学科领域中对语言和环境之间的互相作用进行研究的一门学问。语言生态学是将语言学与社会自然学科结合形成边缘学科或跨学科交叉研究的结果,是语言学理论和应用价值的不断完善,是全球化形势下人类与自然新型关系和人类语言与社会文化发展的需要,更重要的是语言生态学的应用研究将对保护语言多样化、持续性发展及社会和谐将有相当大的贡献。     

试论不可通约性的文化意义

不可通约性强调了价值理性的重要性,从而实现了从单一的科学理性到多样的价值理性的转变。一方面它强调多种生活方式的价值,是构成文化相对主义的一个哲学基础。另一方面,在文化中强调不可通约性也应当是相对的,文化间实现可通约在时间和空间上都具有可能性。在全球化和文化多元化发展的今天,深入对不可通约问题的研究不仅具有理论意义,同时也具有鲜明的时代感和现实价值。     

The Science of the Individual

Our goal is to establish a science of the individual, grounded in dynamic systems, and focused on the analysis of individual variability. Our argument is that individuals behave, learn, and develop in distinctive ways, showing patterns of variability that are not captured by models based on statistical averages. As such, any meaningful attempt to develop a science of the individual necessarily begins with an account of the individual variability that is pervasive in all aspects of behavior, and at all levels of analysis. Using examples from fields as diverse as education and medicine, we show how starting with individual variability, not statistical averages, helped researchers discover two sources of ordered variability—pathways and contexts—that have implications for theory, research, and practice in multiple disciplines. We conclude by discussing three broad challenges—data, models, and the nature of science—that must be addressed to ensure that the science of the individual reaches its full potential.     

Attitude modification in health education through an interventive,antismoking program incorporated within traditional science curriculum

The effectiveness of a smoking-prevention program—incorporated within a traditional science curriculum—was assessed in terms of attitude modification in such categories as health, peer pressure, and social image as related to smoking. The study indicates that most relevant attitudes, the emotionally intense in particular, are modifiable in the desired direction, although the changes are small. Some gender differences in the recorded changes suggest a difference in the dynamics of the response to smoking intervention between male and female high school students. A desired change of attitude frequency distributions (e.g., from less extreme to more extreme responses) has also been found. In addition, the tendency of the experimental students to actively act against smoking within family circles increased, although not significantly. All the above was accompanied by a decrease in the number of smokers in the experimental group and a significant increase in the number of smokers in the control group. These results suggest that it is educationally possible to modify attitudes in health education in the desired direction by means of a properly designed interdisciplinary science curricular unit implemented within ongoing traditional science teaching.