对隐含读者范畴的再理解

隐含读者是文学文本自身设定的能够把文本提供的理解可能性充分具体化的预想读者.从现象学角度看,隐含读者揭出文学接受作为意向化活动的内在构成:静态的包蕴无限可能性的文本结构随时可转化为现实动态的阅读活动.其本质在于,它是真实读者的一种现象学表现,是一般读者现象学意义上的一种本体存在方式.其存在形态可从静态可能性和动态现实性两个角度来考察.而其决定因素,则必溯至文学创作阶段:作家创作动机、选材及文体特点、赋予文本的思想内涵等.     

《古汉语常用字字典》指瑕

商务印书馆出版的《古汉语常用字字典》,自出版以后受到广泛好评,它帮助读者释疑解惑,更好阅读古代文献发挥了很大作用。但白璧微瑕,这部词典也有需要改进提高之处。本文试从选词、引证、例证等方面的体例来讨论这部词典需要改进的地方。希望能给编者修订时提供参考,并以此引起辞书界的注意,共同促进词典的规范化和辞书质量的提高。     

科技论文英语摘要的撰写策略

科技论文的英语摘要起着缩微全文、吸引读者和扩大发行的作用．了解其写作特点和要求，有助于写出符合国际标准的规范文本．通过实例分析，本文介绍了科技论文英语摘要的独特功能、语言特点及撰写规则．     

Logical pages: revolutionising the use of print for teaching?

"Edutainment" publishers have begun to deploy an alternative to traditional physical artefacts such as videos, books and cartridges, namely "logical pages", stored electronically and able to be selected from, to provide content in various physical forms, including multimedia, hypertext and hypermedia. Educational texts can be created using the paradigm of logical pages, which is notionally equivalent to treating a course as if it were a database of learning resources. In the case of a study text, those notional databases can contain more study guidance and raw information than conventional educational texts. Each user can select differently from the notional database, and post-process the retrieved information. Thus, some users can choose to view, on screen, a teaching text whose content and layout are identical to a conventional text, then can print a single copy, "on demand". Other users can select other page layouts or content, then transform their selection to suit their individual learning style and learning needs. This paper considers the implications of logical pages for teachers and learners. As yet, there is relatively little research into the educational uses of logical pages, so the paper extrapolates from the literature on reading and writing physical pages, including hypertext pages.     

Going beyond the author: what retellings tell us about comprehending narrative and expository texts

This research examines the nature of comprehended meanings that do not match those of the author. These meanings were generated by two groups of fourth graders after reading a narrative or expository text. Readers read their respective texts aloud, followed by a recall and probes. Reading behaviours were examined to establish that processing difficulties did not significantly impact reader comprehension. Retold clauses that did not match those in the text were classified using a retelling taxonomy: substitution, addition, summary, conflict, rearrangement, omission. It was discovered that both groups of readers went beyond the information given, approximately 18 per cent of the time for the narration and 59 per cent of the time for the exposition. Additionally, the profiles of this information varied between the two groups. Narrative retellings contained a high percentage of conflicts, with very few substitutions, summaries or rearrangement of ideas. In contrast, expository retellings had significant numbers of substitutions and summaries, with fewer additions and rearrangements. It is hypothesised that reader background knowledge accounted for the variation in the retelling profiles and that this background facilitated as well as inhibited understanding. Given such variation even among these proficient readers, teachers not only need to help students develop background knowledge related to the text, but also encourage readers to cross‐check their understandings with the text. Interestingly, this cross‐checking is especially needed when there is an alignment between reader background and text content.     

How Should I Use My E‐Reader? An Exploration of the Circumstances Under Which Electronic Presentation of Text Results in Good Comprehension

The present research aimed to determine the circumstances under which comprehension between paper and e‐readers is comparable and what role working memory plays in successful comprehension of text presented in these formats. Narrative and expository texts were presented in electronic and paper formats to determine whether readers glean different information for these text types via different presentation formats. Results indicated that comprehension for paper and electronic formats may not be equivalent. Although comprehension of thematic information presented via e‐reader was better than when reading for detail (as in expository passages), it did not lead to comprehension as successfully as printed text. In addition, removing working memory led to the disappearance of the effects of presentation method and the type of questions, suggesting that it was important for individual differences in use of the e‐reader device. Implications for the appropriate use of e‐readers are discussed.     

夹缝生存中的艰难“言说”——1957:《诗刊》“编后记”话语方式微观透视

1957年《诗刊》的"编者"采取"投其所好"、"放大描摹"和"谨小慎微"话语方式,建构应对国家意识形态、顺应国家权利主体和满足广大"读者"需求的文学文本——"编后记"。《诗刊》"编后记"话语方式的时代特性,展现了1950年代政治—文化语境与文学话语讲述方式之间的"复杂"关系,以及在夹缝中生存的文学期刊"言说"的艰难。     

My Place: Exploring children's place-related identities through reading and writing

This paper considers how children perceive and represent their placed-related identities through reading and writing. It reports on the findings of an 18-month interdisciplinary project, based at Cambridge University Faculty of Education, which aimed to consider children's place-related identities through their engagement with, and creation of, texts. This paper will discuss the project, its interdisciplinary theoretical framework, and the empirical research we conducted with two classes in primary schools in Eastern England. A key text used in our research was My Place by Nadia Wheatley and Donna Rawlins. Drawing on our interdisciplinary theoretical framework, particularly Doreen Massey's notion of place as a bundle of trajectories, and Louise Rosenblatt's notion of the transaction between the reader and the text, this paper will examine pages from My Place, children talking about how this text connects with them, children talking about their sense of place, and maps and writing the children produced based on their place.     

从接受美学看弗洛斯特诗歌的艺术生命力

弗洛斯特是深受读者喜爱的美国二十世纪的诗人。他的诗歌以朴实的语言,传统的形式,现代的思想,多层次的意义结构形成独特的风格。从接受美学上看,他诗歌的艺术生命力主要体现在审美创造上的继承性与发展性、审美体验上的普遍性、艺术形象的象征性和作品的可交流性上。     

The reading rate and comprehension of adults with impaired reading skills or visual discomfort

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of impaired reading skills and visual discomfort on the reading rate and comprehension of university students when reading texts presented at a high school (Grade 9) or university (Grade 12) level of difficulty. Groups included impaired readers (n=18) and normal readers with (n=13) or without visual discomfort (n=19). Regardless of text difficulty the impaired reader group had a significantly slower reading rate and poorer comprehension than the normal reader control group. However, when reading rate and comprehension were compared at the assessed reading level of each group, no group differences were found. The normal reading visual discomfort group had poorer reading comprehension than other normal readers with presentation of university‐level text only. It was concluded that poor word decoding skills may exacerbate comprehension difficulties in impaired readers. In contrast, the comprehension difficulties found for normal readers with visual discomfort occurred because of the somatic and perceptual difficulties induced with exposure to the repetitive striped patterns found on text pages. The types of strategy needed to increase the reading efficiency and produce greater academic success in university students with impaired reader skills or visual discomfort are discussed.     

诠释学中的理解与误解问题

＂理解＂与＂误解＂是诠释活动中的重要问题.现代西方诠释学围绕作者-文本-读者三者之间关系形成了三种不同向度的诠释学：作者中心论、文本中心论和读者中心论.作者中心论主张＂理解＂就是对作者原意的正确把握,＂误解＂则相反 读者中心论认为＂理解＂是意义的创生和构造此在的过程,＂误解＂的消极因素在这里完全被抹煞了 文本中心论则克服了以上二者在作者和读者两方各执一词的极端片面性,强化文本在理解中的中心地位,把作者和读者很好的协调起来.     

语文教学呼唤文本解读观的重建

当代文本解读理论的发展,主要是以本体论阐释学理论为基点,由过去只注重解读作家—作品转向文本—读者的探究。这一重大转移开辟了文本解读的新时代,促进了文本解读观的多层面变革:即解读本质观,将文本解读作为寻求理解和自我理解的活动;解读对话观,把文本解读作为文本与读者"主体间性"的对话;解读建构观,把文本解读视为对意义的开放的理解创造,文本对读者是不断敞开的;解读体验观,认为解读即体验,体验即意义的生成,解读是通过读者的体验显现文本意义的。     

Torrance,Mark et al ed (2012) Learning to write effectively Brill (Leiden,Netherlands) isbn 978‐1‐78052‐928‐8 431 pp €113.95 http://www.brill.com/learning‐write‐effectively‐current‐trends‐european‐research

The European Co‐operation in Science and Technology Research Network supported European research on learning to write effectively from 2008 to 2011. This book outlines the results—with eight editors presenting over ninety contributions from people in a dozen or more European countries. There are four sections: writing development; learning and teaching writing; document design; and tools for studying writing. Thus the coverage is broad, but thin. It's probably best to order this text for the library unless you are personally involved in research on writing. James Hartley     

Collaborative writing with young people with disabilities: raising new questions of authorship and agency

How an author communicates with a reader is a central consideration in the critical examination of any text. When considering the communication of ideas from young people whose voices are seldom heard, the journey from author to audience has particular significance. The construction of children and young people as ‘authors’ is important, especially for those with learning difficulties or who struggle to comply with the current emphasis on spelling, punctuation and grammar. This article relates to a UK Research Council‐funded 3‐year collaborative research project involving the co‐creation of fictional stories with young people with disabilities to represent aspects of their lives. Drawing on frameworks from narratology, I analyse the co‐creation of one of the stories and present an interpretation and elaboration of the discourse structure of narrative fiction to illustrate the complexities of the relationship between the multifaceted ‘author’ and community ‘reader’ of these stories. The combination of qualitative research and fictional prose has particular characteristics and implications for the dissemination and communication of research findings. An extension of feminist critique of Barthes' claim for the death of the author provides new insights for engaging children in writing with their own voice.     

淡化原旨 随遇而化——小议如何对待文本阅读中的“时间距离”

创作主体的文本创作与阅读主体的创作阅读这两者之间由于客观上存在着“时间距离”,所以读者在阅读文本时,是紧跟作者的思路、附和作者的思想,还是读者克服由于时间距离带来的消极因素,合理的完形补白,积极的进行自己的审美体验,读出自我,是摆在文本阅读者面前的重要问题。阅读主体进行文本阅读时,必须努力消除“时间距离”带来的不利影响。     

论《恋爱中的女人》中图像化叙述的运用

《恋爱中的女人》是劳伦斯的巅峰之作,整篇小说的写作风格在传统文学中独树一帜。劳伦斯以图像化的叙述风格向大家展示了一种新的艺术表现形式。通过文字来营造虚拟的图像化世界,使读者将文字与视觉感应相关联。他分别通过色彩搭配为图像化的叙述做铺垫,又通过图像化的叙述暗喻深层次的意境,再加之劳伦斯印象派画家的功底,成功地挑战了读者的视觉想象能力。     

文学语篇的特征及其翻译策略

本文从系统功能语言学视角深入分析了文学语篇的多重结构和动态交际过程,该过程涉及作者、隐合作者、叙述者、角色、读者、隐含读者、听述者等。根据文学语篇的这种特有交流特征,作者提出了相应的翻译操作策略。     

基于XML实现文献传递信息管理

文献传递服务是图书馆文献资源建设的一个重要部分,属于信息管理领域。如何有效地管理文献传递的结果信息是一个新的研究课题,基于XML实现对文献结果进行描述,将这些文献资源实现本地化,扩充馆藏电子文献的数量,可提高文献传递工作的效率,以此作为直接获取全文的最佳途径,便于更好地为读者服务。     

鲁迅编辑思想面面观

作为中国二十世纪的伟大思想家,鲁迅从事了大量出版工作,他出版活动的根本目的不是赢利,在出版过程中,表现出高度社会责任感,在默默奉献自己的同时,大力扶掖青年人,努力整合出版信息,追求内容与形式的完美。     

网络图片搜索采集器的设计

Web信息数据是网络上最庞大,也是最丰富的信息资源。工具通过C#编程实现,采用正则表达式手段,针对HTML的信息进行分析、过滤、整理、采集,实现了对Internet网络上WEB文档数据的自动化、无人值守的操作。软件模拟baidu“图片”频道,通过读取HTML信息内容,搜索出页面中的图片信息,并进行分类保存等操作。