论马克思的社会保障思想

马克思作为马克思主义理论最主要的创始人,其理论博大精深,对后人产生了深远影响。马克思从社会保障的基金来源、社会保障的对象以及社会保障的目的等方面阐发了他对社会保障的认识,并对未来社会的社会保障做了原则性设想。     

Implicit theories of communicative competence: The semantics of social behavior

Observers evaluating the competence of communicators use both observed behaviors and traits inferred from these behaviors in their evaluation. In order to understand the process by which these evaluations are made, the manner in which the beliefs about trait/behavior relationships that underlie this process must be understood. Based on analysis of judgments of prototypical “communicators” of different skill levels and of actual people, trait/behavior relationships are, with one exception, similar across competence level and communicative situation.     

The rhetoric of atonement

In this essay, we outline the defining characteristics of the rhetoric of atonement and argue that it as an identifiable sub‐genre of apologia. In building this argument, we examine the purposive and situational constraints that lead to atonement and argue that atonement rhetoric can be defined based on five characteristics. We use an analysis of several instances in which President Clinton relied upon atonement to illustrate the power and function of the sub‐genre.     

The rhetoric of campus architecture

Courses: Rhetorical Criticism, Persuasion, Rhetoric and Architecture, Visual Rhetoric.

Objectives: This single class activity is designed to raise student awareness about the rhetorical nature of architecture and campus planning; to shift student perceptions away from taking their physical surroundings as “a given” and toward seeing them as the product of strategic human choices and decision making; to foster a spirit of curiosity about how buildings can influence our emotions and behavior; and to reduce student uncertainty about unfamiliar course content.     

The rhetoric of academic protest

The faculty protest at the University of Michigan against the war in Viet Nam, because it seems typical of a “new activism,” provides material for a case study of the rhetorical sophistication of this and similar movements in which academic people may be involved.     

The rhetoric of political newscasting

Television has become the major source of news for most Americans. Therefore, it seems important to consider television's rhetorical potential to influence the public's understanding of political affairs. The purpose of this essay is to explore some of the ways television news reporting, documentaries and docu‐dramas may lead us to know and judge political events, political leadership and political institutions.     

Power: The rhetoric of mobilization

Power comes from the unification of mass. Physical unity is a result of psychic unity. Psychic unity is the product of two kinds of mobilization—episodic and systemic. Episodic mobilization is the temporary unification of people for a limited end; Systemic mobilization involves the control of a whole field of behavior. A major form of mobilization—ideology—is discussed at length.     

The rhetoric of radio: A symposium

"The American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides Stateside radio and television programming, ‘a touch of home,' to U.S. service men and women, DoD civilians, and their families serving outside the continental United States" (AFRTS, 2004). Bagram, Baghdad, Kabul, and Kandahar are the familiar names of conflict zones in 2004. In these faraway operational theaters, the AFRTS provides a homey electronic media touch to the lives of the troops. Guadalcanal, New Georgia, Noumea, and Bougainville-these were the familiar names from another conflict, the Second World War. Exactly 60 years ago, the precursor of the modern-day AFRTS was also providing comfort for troops far from home in these remote Pacific Islands.     

The rhetoric of androgyny as revealed in the feminine mystique

Despite the feminist controversy regarding whether gender differences exist in discourse style, it appears that one of the most prominent leaders of the conservative wing of the feminist movement, Betty Friedan, strategically employed an androgynous rhetorical style in her crucial feminist document. The Feminine Mystique. Through an analysis of that text, this essay argues that by employing the “rhetoric of androgyny,” Friedan creates a mainstream feminist audience whose ideology ultimately transcends oppressive gender dichotomizations.     

The axiological foundations of Plato's theory of rhetoric

This essay examines Plato's theory of rhetoric to discover the values implicit in that theory. Plato's assumptions about rhetoric and his uses of it initiate a different tradition of thought in Western rhetoric, a tradition which embraces lies, censorship, and deception to inculcate “correct” thought and action in audiences.     

Abandonment of genus: The evolution of political rhetoric

Richard Weaver's notion that the forms of argument used by a speaker—genus, similitude, cause and effect, or circumstance‐indicate the speaker's ideology is used to analyze speeches of Jimmy Carter, Lyndon Johnson, and Jane Byrne, mayor of Chicago. Their early rhetoric was characterized by argument from genus, their later rhetoric by less idealistic forms of argument, suggesting that their world view has changed and with it the public's view of their performance.     

Bacon's conception of rhetoric

Early in Book I Aristotle divides all proofs into two types, ατεχνōι π?σει? and εντεχνōι π?σει?. This paper defends the position that ατεχνōι π?σει? may best be translated as “evidence,” and points to possible explanations of why this translation has not been made. Two passages from Chapter 15 of Book I, which reflect upon the relationship between the two types of proofs, are discussed. It is concluded that the position of ατεχνōι π?σει? in Aristotle's Rhetoric is not intended to de‐emphasize the position of evidence or to confine its use to forensic speaking.     

The SST controversy: A case study of the rhetoric of technology

During the SST controversy old arguments were losing force and new ones were developing. As in other recent technological debates, SST proponents raised charges of environmental catastrophe which were most difficult to disprove, while SST proponents made serious errors in analyzing their audience. We have not yet learned how to conduct effctive public discussion of scientific issues.     

The significance of humanistic rhetoric in British public address

This study sought to answer the following questions: (1) What specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors are associated with the initiation of communicative interactions; and (2) Do these verbal and nonverbal behaviors vary according to the degree of acquaintanceship of the participants in the greeting situation.     

The rhetoric of unconditional surrender: Locating the necessary moment for coercion

This essay reworks the classical notions of kairos and to prepon to suggest that coercion can only be defended when the degree of human urgency exceeds the opportunity for further meaningful discourse. Unconditional demands are cast as thinly veiled elements underwriting a rhetoric advocating coercion. To illustrate the theoretical claims, the proposed criteria are used to critique U. S. involvement in the 1991 Gulf War, one of the most dramatic examples of American military power widely accepted by the American public as an instance of justified coercion.     

Jimmy Carter and the rhetoric of charisma

Jimmy Carter's unusual success in the Presidential Primaries of 1976 has been the subject of much discussion. One rhetorical explanation posits that Carter's message may be described in terms of Weber's concept of charisma, and Bormann's theory of rhetorical vision. The charismatic message was caught up in a unique rhetorical situation, the social fantasies attending the Bicentennial Celebration. Carter's rhetoric and the people's fantasies transcended along similar lines. This confluence helped to carry Carter to the White House.