The role of negative emotions on motivation and communicative action: Testing the validity of situational theory of problem solving in the context of South Korea

The purposes of this study are to explore the role of negative emotions in the framework of the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS). First, we tested the validity of the original STOPS model with a sex crime issue in the context of Korea. Second, we tested the mediating role of negative emotions in the relationship between situational recognition and communicative action. The result suggests that STOPS is a useful model with a crime problem in the Korean context. Also, our proposed model shows that negative emotions serve as another aspect of motivation, and emotional experiences might precede subsequent cognitive activities. Especially, negative emotions show a stronger effect on situational motivation than communicative action. This study also found that negative emotions people feel about sex crimes directly influence their communicative action. Among different types of publics, the active and aware publics show stronger emotional responses than do the latent publics and nonpublics.     

Assessing the Role of Information-Processing Strategies in Learning From Local News Media About Sources of Social Capital

This study examines the mediating effects of information-processing strategies on the relationship between use of local news media, informational use of the Internet, and sources of social capital: interpersonal trust, reciprocity, and associational membership. Analyses of a telephone survey data (n = 546) of American adults show that even though local news media were influential, information-processing strategies were more powerful than attention in explaining learning from local news media about social norms at the individual level. These findings support the usefulness of the cognitive mediation model of information-processing behaviors in examining learning from local news media about social norms. Of the two strategies, elaborative processing played a more important role than active reflection in the mediating process. Informational use of the Internet had a significant and independent effect on associational membership, after demographic, structural anchoring, local media use, and information-processing measures were statistically controlled.     

基于认知负荷理论的个人数字存档意愿影响因素探究

通过问卷调查法收集数据,利用偏最小二乘结构方程模型方法验证假设和概念模型,探究基于认知负荷理论的个人数字存档意愿影响因素,从主观与客观两个维度比较其影响个人数字存档态度的路径差异,为个人数字存档工具优化、提升用户满意度提供借鉴和参考。研究发现,任务复杂性对个人数字存档态度有显著负向影响,任务多样性对个人数字存档态度、个人数字存档态度对个人数字存档意愿有显著正向影响,而先前经验、自我效能和心流体验对个人数字存档态度没有显著影响。     

Attitudes and parental factors as intervening variables in the television violence‐aggression relation

This study examines the relationship of cognitive and parental factors affecting adolescents viewing of television violence. Participants in the study were 422 adolescents and 298 of their parents who were surveyed for their viewing behaviors, perceptions of violent portrayals, and aggressive behavioral tendencies. Regression analysis indicated that attitude was the strongest predictor of aggression. The more adolescents reported liking television violence, the more aggressive were their intentions. Results suggested that while exposure to violence and parental factors both play a part in mediating subsequent aggression, viewing violence is less important than liking violence.     

The Attitude Base as a Moderator of the Effectiveness of Inoculation Strategy

This investigation introduced the attitude base (cognitive or affective) as a moderator in the resistance domain and effectively partitioned the role of affect from cognition by properly delineating its function. A three-phase experiment was conducted involving 290 participants. The results confirmed the role of the original elements in the process of resistance introduced by McGuire: threat and counterarguing output. Furthermore, the results indicated that inoculation messages were most effective when their content matched the attitude base. Cognitive inoculation messages generated greater resistance to counterattitudinal attacks when presented to individuals whose attitude base was primarily cognitive, rather than affective, in nature. The reverse was also found to be true as affective inoculation messages generated greater resistance to counterattitudinal attacks when presented to individuals whose attitude base was primarily affective, rather than cognitive, in nature.     

The effects of threats to attitudinal freedom as a function of message quality and initial receiver attitude

This study measured the effects of message threat level, message quality, and initial receiver attitude on attitude change and evaluations of source credibility. Significant positive attitude change occurred as the main effect of message quality, with no main or interaction effects for threat or receiver attitude. Significant source derogation on the dimensions of trustworthiness, objectivity, and expertness occurred as primary effects of message threat level and initial receiver attitude, with the greatest derogation occurring among disagreeing receivers exposed to high threat messages. The implications of these results for the theory of psychological reactance is discussed.     

Comparing Theories of Media Learning: Cognitive Mediation,Information Utility,and Knowledge Acquisition from Cancer News

Determining what factors predict media learning is an important avenue of research for the field of mass communication. The present study provides a comparative investigation of two models of media learning: the cognitive mediation model and the information utility model. Participants (N = 1,076) read a news article related to scientific discoveries relevant to cancer prevention and responded to all constructs of the two models. Recognition and comprehension were used to measure knowledge acquisition. Results generally support previous predictions of each model, though predicted variance remains small. In addition to testing the existing models, a modified cognitive mediation model using a key construct related to information utility—perceived relevance—was tested. The refined cognitive mediation model offered a more nuanced understanding of certain causal mechanisms but did not result in a meaningful change in predictive power of the model. Implications of the theoretical comparison and integration are discussed.     

Older adults' health information behavior in everyday life settings

Health information seeking is an important part of older adults' everyday lives as they cope with their health conditions. Semi-structured interviews conducted with 21 older adults in the United States were analyzed using Savolainen's everyday life information seeking (ELIS) model, especially its key concepts such as way of life and mastery of life. The interview data revealed that except for health care providers, a spouse or partner was mentioned as a credible interpersonal source of health information among older adults in a marital or romantic relationship. Characteristics of older adults' health information behavior in the ELIS context were identified based on types of way of life and mastery of life. For example, those who had more varied types of hobbies, including cognitive, affective, and social hobbies, were exposed to diverse people as they performed their daily routine, potentially resulting in different sources of useful health information. In couple relationships, those with an optimistic as opposed to pessimistic attitude toward a problem-solving situation played the information provider role rather than information receiver role.     

In the beginning was the word: The responsibility for good communication

Based on an extensive body of research, many scholars believe that increases in teacher immediacy cause increases in student cognitive learning. This article examines the research that led to that conclusion. Taken as a whole, that line of research suffers from several shortcomings: (a) It lacks cognitive theoretical foundations, (b) it uses self‐report measures that may be flawed or ill‐suited, and (c) it founds causal claims on inappropriate data. As a result, the data that demonstrate a causal relationship between immediacy and cognitive learning may instead be reflecting a halo effect. This article proposes an alternative conception of how immediacy may function in the classroom, and reports an exploratory study intended to determine whether there is merit in farther pursuing the suggested alternative. Based on the theoretical arguments reviewed and data generated in this study, a revised agenda is proposed for advancing our understanding of how immediacy functions in the college classroom.     

From competencies to threshold concepts through the information literate university. A faculty's perspective

This article explores the perceptions of social sciences professors in Spanish universities on a series of variables concerning the Information Literate University, and information literacy competencies and threshold concepts. The aim is to determine faculty's levels of agreement with such variables, how they cluster, and what the relationship between clusters consists in. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling methods are used. The accepted ILUCC-FP model structures the causal linkage between the constructs of IL Competencies, Information Literate University, and IL Concepts, and measures how they relate to the variables. The construct on faculty's attitudes toward the Information Literate University plays a key mediating role. This attitudinal, causal, bidirectional, flexible, and transferable model allows stakeholders -mainly faculty and librarians- to detect the current status regarding faculty attitudes, thereby providing them with the opportunity to promote attitudinal improvement initiatives with positive consequences for their levels of knowledge and skills. The model could be applied in different academic contexts.     

Framing Risk with Numbers: The Framing Effects of Risk Assertions and Number Formats on Emotions and Risk Perceptions

This study examines how risk assertions and relevant statistics presented in different number formats interact to influence emotional and cognitive outcomes. Experimental news stories present risk assertions that highlight either safety from or vulnerability to violent crime; these assertions are accompanied by crime statistics in absolute frequency, simple fraction, or percentage format. Although it may be tempting to assume that national statistics in absolute frequency format create a greater impression due to the sheer size of the numbers, our results show that only probability formats, including simple fractions and percentages, interact with assertions to generate amplified emotions. Furthermore, we find that negative emotions play a mediating role in producing pessimistic risk assessments. Our findings reveal how people process numerical information and its impact on emotional and cognitive responses. This article also discusses the empirical and methodological implications for framing research, as well as cognitive aspects of emotional reactions and the nature of emotional effects on risk perceptions.     

US host nationals' attitudes toward Japanese: the role of communication and relational solidarity in the intergroup contact hypothesis

Guided by the intergroup contact hypothesis and intergroup contact theory, the authors examined US Americans' (N=403) communication experiences and relational solidarity with their most frequent Japanese contact and associations with their attitudes toward Japanese as a cultural group. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) results showed that both communication frequency and quality had an indirect effect through relational solidarity on affective, behavioral, and cognitive attitudes, demonstrating the critical mediating role of relational solidarity. Results also revealed that communication quality was positively and directly associated with the attitudinal measures. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to prior literature on relational communication in intergroup and intercultural contexts.     

社会规范对大学生网络学术不端行为的影响机制研究

[目的/意义]随着互联网的普及以及数字教育资源的广泛使用,学术不端行为呈现出有别于传统形式的新特点以及更为迅猛的发展态势.研究聚焦于社会规范对大学生网络学术不端行为的影响,并探索影响其关系的中介变量,以加深对网络学术不端行为发生机制的认识.[方法/过程]鉴于互联网环境中学术不端行为的社会性显著增强,选择从微观视角深入考...     

The Relationship between Narrative Content Variation,Affective and Cognitive Reactions,and a Person's Willingness to Sign an Organ Donor Card

This study predicted that variations in the content of a narrative organ donor appeal (i.e., the age of the donor, the age of the person whose life was saved, the donor's cause of death, and the number of people whose lives were saved) would have a differential impact on a person's affective and cognitive reactions to that message, which would in turn influence a person's attitude toward signing an organ donor card. Two hundred sixty-eight individuals who had not signed an organ donor card previously read one of several narratives and then answered a series of questions designed to measure their attitudes toward signing an organ donor card. These data revealed that how a person dies (accident vs natural causes) and the number of people who are saved through organ donation indirectly influence a person's attitude toward signing an organ donor card with vividness, sympathy, and happiness acting as mediating variables. These findings and their implications are discussed.     

Understanding Emotion from a Superordinate Dimensional Perspective: A Productive Way Forward for Communication Processes and Effects Studies

Subjects differing in interpersonal construct differentiation completed both an attitude measure and a behavioral intentions measure (in which subjects’ behavioral intentions in each of nine attitude‐relevant interpersonal situations were assessed) toward a subject‐selected target person. While the overall correlation between attitude and the behavioral intentions index was high (r = .85,), low‐differentiation subjects displayed significantly greater attitude‐behavioral intentions consistency (r = .95,) than did high‐differentiation subjects (r = .75). Correspondingly low differentiation subjects exhibited significantly less variability in the evaluative direction of their behavioral intentions than did high‐differentiation subjects (construct differentiation and variance in individuals’ behavioral intentions were correlated, r = .37). The results are interpreted as suggesting that within a given domain, persons with developmentally less advanced cognitive systems place greater reliance on evaluative consistency principles in organizing their beliefs and behaviors and hence are more likely to exhibit attitude‐behavior consistency than are persons with more developed systems.     

How computer and Internet use influences mental health: a five-wave latent growth model

The study used a five-wave latent growth model to compare two sets of competing hypotheses about the influence of overall computer and Internet use on mental health. The secondary data set from the Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) with a valid sample size of 2,003 respondents was used for the analysis. The mediating role of friendship–closeness was examined to compare the social augmentation hypothesis with the social displacement hypothesis. The mediating role of academic stress was tested to compare the mood enhancement hypothesis with the problematic Internet use (PIU) model. The study was consistent with the social displacement hypothesis, where a higher initial computer and Internet use predicted a lower initial friendship–closeness, which, in turn, resulted in a faster decrease in mental health. The study provided reconciliation for the mood enhancement hypothesis and the PIU model. Although a higher initial computer and Internet use predicted lower initial mental health levels through academic stress, schoolchildren and adolescents with more computer and Internet use experienced a slower decrease in mental health because of the mediating role of academic stress.     

科研人员数据素养影响因素分析——基于SEM及fsQCA方法

大数据时代的到来标志着科学数据的获取、分析、利用、共享愈加重要和频繁,科研人员的数据素养对于最大化利用科学数据起到至关重要的作用。本研究对科研人员数据素养的影响因素进行综合分析,可以更好地促进科学数据的利用,发挥其最大价值。本研究采用问卷调查方式,利用结构方程模型来验证假设是否成立和定性比较分析法探究因素组合对数据素养的影响。研究结果表明,教育培训、技术平台、素养氛围显著影响科研人员对待科学数据素养的态度;教育培训、素养氛围、态度显著影响科研人员的科学数据素养;教育培训、技术平台和素养氛围可以通过态度对数据素养产生正向影响;高学历与积极态度或高学历、高教育培训、低技术平台、低素养氛围是形成高科学数据素养的前因组合。     

Effects of threatening visuals and announcer differences on responses to televised alcohol warnings

This study examined threatening background visuals and voice-over differences in televised alcohol warnings. Participants ( N v = v 401) viewed four television adwarning pairs embedded in sports programming. Between-subjects conditions included a threatening visual behind the warning, a non-threatening visual, a plain background, and a no-warning control. Use of a male or female announcer, each using a relatively warm or imperative voice quality, were manipulated within-subject factors. Outcomes included knowledge, cognitive responses regarding warning content and presentation, and perceptions of the risk of the product (beer) shown in the ad. All warnings increased post-test knowledge of alcohol risks relative to control; the largest increase resulted when warnings were accompanied by the threatening visual. Threatening visuals also increased positive thought elaborations about the warning message content and presentation. However, the threatening visuals did not reliably impact perceived risk of beer use, suggesting that threatening visuals influenced responses and knowledge by increasing attention to the warning rather than by increasing perceived threat. These findings are consistent with the EPPM's proposed initial threat appraisal mechanism (Witte, 1992), and further suggest that threatening visuals serve as a heuristic cue motivating increased processing of message content (see Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), rather than an influence via a peripheral route as suggested by the ELM (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Interactions between drinking level and announcer gender and vocal quality variables were also found, but contributed only trivially to explained variance.     

Effects of selected aspects of brevity on persuasiveness

The affective and cognitive dimensions of attitudinal structure in Martin Fishbein's theory have been investigated rather thoroughly. Little research, however, has been conducted on the function of saliency in such a structure. While previous research has almost exclusively applied Fishbein's theory to impression formation and person perception, the present study adapted the theory to the prediction of attitude toward a proposed change in policy. Saliency in cognitive structure was conceptualized as the perceived importance to “self” and “others” of the consequences associated with the proposal. The addition to the theory of perceived importance of consequences significantly improved its strength in predicting attitude toward a proposed change in policy.     

大学生网络游戏行为对学术不端的影响

文章以社会认知理论为基本框架,探究大学生网络游戏行为对学术不端行为的影响及其发生机理。以道德相对主义为中介、性别为调节的模型检验发现,道德相对主义在网络游戏频率与学术不端行为之间的中介作用仅在重度学术不端行为中存在。具体而言,对重度学术不端行为来说,网游频率能直接正向影响学术不端行为频率,还通过影响学生的道德相对主义认知而对其学术不端行为产生间接影响。但对轻度学术不端行为而言,网游频率对学术不端行为仅有显著正向的直接影响,道德相对主义的中介作用并不存在。网游频率对学术不端行为的直接影响仅在男性群体中显著存在。