科学技术在美国工业化过程中的作用及对内蒙古的启示

１９世纪末２０世纪初，美国资本主义工业化基本完成，成为世界头号强国。在美国经济飞速发展的过程中，科学技术起了决定性的作用，它已经起着社会生产力，甚至体现第一生产力的作用。这一历史经验对内蒙古地区在九五期间赶超全国先进地区提供了重要的启示。     

教育经济学的发展:关注人力资源的全面开发和能力构建--中国教育与人力资源发展高级国际研讨会评述

2004年8月26日至27日,由北京大学教育学院、教育经济研究所主办的"中国教育与人力资源发展高级国际研讨会"在北京大学英杰交流中心隆重召开.来自美国哥伦比亚大学、德国卡塞尔大学、日本东京大学、加拿大多伦多大学、以色列巴以拉大学、印度国家教育规划和管理研究院、世界银行、福特基金会、中国教育部、中国教育电视台、国家教育发展研究中心、上海教科院、中国社科院、中国科学院、北京大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、香港中文大学、华中科技大学、西安交通大学和西南师范大学等国内外专家学者参加了会议,与北京大学教育学院、教育经济研究所的师生们济济一堂,对中国未来教育与人力资源的发展进行了广泛而深入的探讨.     

THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE IN ASSISTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Most of this article consists of the reproduction of Recommendation No. R (95) 7 of the Committee of Ministers [of the Council of Europe] to Member States on Brain Drain in the Sectors of Higher Education and Research, adopted by the Ministers’ Deputies on 2 March 1995 and of its Annex consisting of a set of concrete measures to be taken in order to enact and to support the Recommendation. The Recommendation and Annex statements are preceded by two background statements, one suggesting ways in which the Council of Europe might aid the development of science and science policy in the countries of central and eastern Europe undergoing transition, the other, giving the background to Recommendation No. R (95) 7.     

西部大开发与贵州省人才资源开发

贵州省要实施好西部大开发这项世纪工程，人才资源开发是关键，采取有效措施营造有利于培养人才、吸引人才、留住人才、用好人的良好环境，是贵州省实施西部大开发战略的重中之重。     

SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: THE ROLE OF SCHOOL SOCIOECONOMIC COMPOSITION IN EDUCATIONAL EQUITY AND EFFECTIVENESS

In this study, we systematically unpack relationships among student socioeconomic status (SES), science and mathematics achievement, and student interest in science in the context of varying school socioeconomic composition. Using the most recent Programme for International Student Assessment dataset for Australia, we found that increases in school SES are consistently associated with substantial increases in science and mathematics performance. This pattern of association held for all groups regardless of their individual SES. However, our findings also show that students’ interest in science was not associated with varying school SES, and only marginally and inconsistently associated with individual SES. We discuss policy implications and strategies for mitigating the influence of school socioeconomic composition on science and mathematics performance, and for the achievement of more equitable and effective educational outcomes generally.     

THE ROLE OF THE ACADEMIES IN EASTERN EUROPEAN CO‐OPERATION IN SCIENCE AND IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES

In order for developing countries, particularly the former socialist countries undergoing transition, to make progress in science, they must co‐operate among themselves. One way to stimulate such co‐operation is to create a network of eastern European Academies. Such a network would share information, facilities, and equipment; sponsor and direct work on joint projects of value to the sub‐region as a whole; and serve as a bulwark against brain drain. Such a network should be of interest to UNESCO and to other intergovernmental organizations.     

人力资源能力建设与西部大开发

笔者探讨了人力资源能力建设的内涵。对西部地区人力资源能力从人力资源存量和能力水平两个方面进行了评价,提出西部地区要实施经济追赶战略,必须加强人力资源能力建设,提高人力资本存量,以人力资本积累为先导。只有当人力资本达到一定的规模,积聚到一定程度,对经济的作用才能发生质的飞跃,促进西部经济起飞。     

西部人力资源开发现状和对策研究

西部地区的人力资源现状表现为：人口身体素质较低,劳动力人口过剩;人口文化素质较低,人才队伍的知识、技能结构不合理。要提高人力资源素质,应从以下几方面着手：进行医疗卫生、计划生育建设,有效控制人力资源数量。提高西部人口的身体素质;大力发展各类教育,促进西部人口科学文化素质的提高;发展科技,培养和引进各类人才。     

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Independence and transition to a market economy have led to economic decline in the Republic of Moldova. Scientific research directed at sustainable human development is the key to economic renewal. As Moldova must import most of its energy, a major task is to reduce energy consumption through improved energy efficiency. Since the basic source of national wealth is agriculture, the development of derivatives of agriculture, such as the bio‐chemical industries, the pharmaceutical industry, the perfume industry, and the veterinary sciences should be stressed as well as components of information technology in which Moldova has a lead. As the premier research organization of Moldova is its Academy of Sciences founded in 1946, it should channel its best efforts into the economic development of the country through science.     

地理环境对中国古代科技的影响

在古代，中西科技文明存在着很大差异，并且发展成两种不同的科技体系，究其原因，许多人分别从政治、经济、文化诸方面进行了论述，笔者则从中西所处地理环境的角度进行研究，认为最根本的原因是地域的特点。     

CLASSROOMS AND CULTURE: THE ROLE OF CONTEXT IN SHAPING MOTIVATION AND IDENTITY FOR SCIENCE LEARNING IN INDIGENOUS ADOLESCENTS

Many rural indigenous communities rely on science knowledge and innovation for survival and economic advancement, which requires community members to be motivated for learning science. Children in these communities have been viewed by some as unmotivated due to their low science achievement as they progress in school, particularly into majority secondary schools. Current theories of motivation, such as achievement goal theory, take classroom context into account when examining individual motivation. However, motivational climate can also be considered as tightly woven with the cultural and social practices of a community rather than individual perception. In this study, researchers spent time in two indigenous villages observing classrooms, participating in community events, and talking with community members. During those visits, Attayal/Sediq children in Taiwan (n?=?18) and Mopan Mayan children in Belize (n?=?18) participated in three semi-structured interviews about their experience learning science in school, home, and community. Results indicate that motivation for learning science is closely linked with their identity as science learners. Three themes emerged to illuminate how social practices may or may not support individual identity, and consequently motivation, for learning science—student/teacher relationships, support for learning, and motivational climate. Differences between children in Taiwan and Belize are explored. Implications for motivation theory, educational practice, and policy are discussed.     

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The political changes occurring in eastern and central Europe in 1989 and 1990 and the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991 fragmented a large area in which science and technology policy was more or less centralized and rationalized. Each country in this area, as a result, has had to develop its own science and technology policy in very difficult situations of transition. One of the attempts made to re‐establish some order and unity in science policy in the former socialist countries has been spearheaded by the International Association of Academies of Sciences, founded in Kiev in 1991. It is attempting, on a voluntary basis, to assume some of the functions of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, and in particular, to re‐create the scientific space existing before 1989‐1991. Among its many projects are efforts in favour of young scientists and closer co‐operation with other international organizations of academies.     

理论在教师专业发展中的作用

本文结合教师工作的特征,质疑了"理论联系实际"这一提法在教师专业发展中的适用性,提出教师不仅需要学术理论,更重要的是发掘和提升自己的实践理论教师在自己实践性理论的基础上与学术理论展开对话,才能更有效地提高自己的思维和行动品质,进而促进教师个体和集体的专业发展。     

论科技期刊中补白的特点与作用

对科技期刊补白的内容进行分类，论述了科技期刊补白的特点和作用，并提出了撰写补白应注意的一些问题．