基于函数型数据分析技术的运动协调量化方法应用研究

对运动协调的研究是运动控制学科的重要组成部分,其主要目的在于探索中枢神经系统等元素对机体运动控制的作用及其机制。基于运动协调的概念,矩阵分解方法被长期应用于运动协调的量化中。然而,一些量化运动协调常用的矩阵分解方法中存在的问题也日益显露。在这些矩阵分解方法中,将运动自由度表示为一个向量,作为一个具有间断特征的数据集合进行处理,是不符合实际的。这使与中枢神经运动指令有关的参数也具有间断属性,与实际由其激活的具有连续性的运动自由度状态是有矛盾的。此外,它们的量化结果与一些运动协调相关的概念不相匹配,或者是未能展现出更加丰富的运动协调相关信息。这些对量化结果的理论解释有一定程度的影响。在这此运动协调的量化问题上,函数型主成分分析技术具有特有的优势。     

A holistic measurement model of movement competency in children

Different countries have different methods for assessing movement competence in children; however, it is unclear whether the test batteries that are used measure the same aspects of movement competence. The aim of this paper was to (1) investigate whether the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) and Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder (KTK) measure the same aspects of children’s movement competence and (2) examine the factorial structure of the TGMD-2 and KTK in a sample of Australian children. A total of 158 children participated (M age = 9.5; SD = 2.2). First, confirmatory factor analysis examined the independent factorial structure of the KTK and TGMD-2. Second, it was investigated whether locomotor, object control and body coordination loaded on the latent variable Movement Competency. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an adequate fit for both the KTK and TGMD-2. An adequate fit was also achieved for the final model. In this model, locomotor (r = .86), object control (r = .71) and body coordination (r = .52) loaded on movement competence. Findings support our hypothesis that the TGMD-2 and KTK measure discrete aspects of movement competence. Future researchers and practitioners should consider using a wider range of test batteries to assess movement competence.     

Two-Handed Movement Control

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the discrepancy between the finding that when two hands make movements to targets of different distances, they have the same movement time (Kelso, Southard & Goodman, 1979a, b) and the finding that they have different movement times (Marteniuk & MacKenzie, 1980). The present experiment shows that when the ratio of the distance traveled by the two hands is 4:1, they do not take the same time. The hand moving the shorter distance lakes less time, although it takes more lime than when moving alone or when moving the same distance as the other hand. This finding is highlighted when individual data are examined. It appears that there is no difference between using homologous or nonhomologous muscle groups.     

Kinetic function of the lower limbs during baseball tee-batting motion at different hitting-point heights

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetic functions of the lower limbs at different hitting-point heights to provide key information for improving batting technique in baseball players. Three-dimensional coordinate data were acquired using a motion capture system (250 Hz) and ground reaction forces were measured using three force platforms (1000 Hz) in 22 male collegiate baseball players during tee-batting set at three different hitting-point heights (high, middle, and low). Kinetic data were used to calculate joint torque and mechanical work in the lower limbs by the inverse dynamics approach. The peak angular velocity of the lower trunk about the vertical axis was smaller under the low condition. The joint torques and mechanical works done by both hip adduction/abduction axes were different among the three conditions. These results indicate that hip adduction/abduction torques mainly contribute to a change in the rotational movement of the lower body about the vertical axis when adjusting for different hitting-point heights. In order to adjust for the low hitting-point height which would be difficult compared with other hitting-point heights, batters should focus on rotating the lower trunk slowly by increasing both hip abduction torques.     

14～15岁男子篮球运动员动作协调能力测量评价系统的研究

运用问卷调查法、实验法、专家评定法和数理统计法,对设计的9项测验指标在14岁、15岁各40名男子篮球运动员中进行实验。结果表明:15岁的年龄段在完成跳跃动作时协调能力发展水平高于14岁年龄段,其它动作协调能力的发展水平接近,整体水平在14岁、15岁两个年龄段没有显著性差异。本研究设计的成套测验与专家经验评分相一致,能够作为少年男子篮球运动员动作协调能力的有效性成套测验,较全面反映动作协调能力发展的真实水平。     

Coordination pattern of baseball pitching among young pitchers of various ages and velocity levels

This study compared the whole-body movement coordination of pitching among 72 baseball players of various ages and velocity levels. Participants were classified as senior, junior, and little according to their age, with each group comprising 24 players. The velocity levels of the high-velocity (the top eight) and low-velocity (the lowest eight) groups were classified according to their pitching velocity. During pitching, the coordinates of 15 markers attached to the major joints of the whole-body movement system were collected for analysis. Sixteen kinematic parameters were calculated to compare the groups and velocity levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to quantify the coordination pattern of pitching movement. The results were as follows: (1) five position and two velocity parameters significantly differed among the age groups, and two position and one velocity parameters significantly differed between the high- and low-velocity groups. (2) The coordination patterns of pitching movement could be described using three components, of which the eigenvalues and contents varied according to age and velocity level. In conclusion, the senior and junior players showed greater elbow angular velocity, whereas the little players exhibited a wider shoulder angle only at the beginning of pitching. The players with high velocity exhibited higher trunk and shoulder rotation velocity. The variations among groups found using PCA and kinematics parameter analyses were consistent.     

运动协调层次及属性研究

由于运动协调内在机制相对复杂,其本质属性一直存在较大争议。以认知发展的观点将运动协调分为本能运动协调、感知运动协调和操作运动协调三个层次,竞技运动协调归属于专业操作运动协调,并论证了运动协调具有技能的属性。     

The effects of baseball bat mass properties on swing mechanics,ground reaction forces,and swing timing

Swing trajectory and ground reaction forces (GRF) of 30 collegiate baseball batters hitting a pitched ball were compared between a standard bat, a bat with extra weight about its barrel, and a bat with extra weight in its handle. It was hypothesised that when compared to a standard bat, only a handle-weighted bat would produce equivalent bat kinematics. It was also hypothesised that hitters would not produce equivalent GRFs for each weighted bat, but would maintain equivalent timing when compared to a standard bat. Data were collected utilising a 500 Hz motion capture system and 1,000 Hz force plate system. Data between bats were considered equivalent when the 95% confidence interval of the difference was contained entirely within ±5% of the standard bat mean value. The handle-weighted bat had equivalent kinematics, whereas the barrel-weighted bat did not. Both weighted bats had equivalent peak GRF variables. Neither weighted bat maintained equivalence in the timing of bat kinematics and some peak GRFs. The ability to maintain swing kinematics with a handle-weighted bat may have implications for swing training and warm-up. However, altered timings of kinematics and kinetics require further research to understand the implications on returning to a conventionally weighted bat.     

田径技术动作协调能力的特征及其分类模式的初步研究

田径技术动作协调能力的研究是一个薄弱环节。通过对田径技术与动作协调能力的发展关系 ,田径技术动作协调能力的特征与分类模式的探讨 ,认为动作协调能力是运动技能的构成成分 ,田径技术动作协调能力具有体能—躯体复杂动作协调的特征 ,并对其进行了五种模式划分 ,为今后对少年儿童田径技术动作协调能力发展规律研究指标体系的设计 ,提供了理论依据     

动作协调能力属性及其相关定义的理论思考

从动作协调的运动学特征,生理心理学实质以及动作协调能力与运动技能的关系方面对人体动作协调能力的本质属性及其相关定义问题进行了深入的理论分析。笔者认为,动作协调能力是运动个体生理特性和心理特性的综合体现。从概念上讲,协调能力是运动技能的下位概念。从包容关系上看,运动技能包含着协调能力因素,但从因果关系上看,协调能力是运动技能形成的条件。因此不能把协调能力与运动技能相互混淆,更不能把协调错误的理解为一般体能素质,因而建议使用“协调能力”这一概念更能反映动作协调的本质属性。     

儿童动作协调能力测量方法及指标体系的研究

研究分析了动作协调能力结构和总体特征，运用问卷调查法、实验法、主成分和多元回归的分析法，对设计的多项测验指标在８０名９岁儿童中进行了实验，结果表明：男子的投掷动作协调能力发展水平高于女子；精细动作协调能力的发展水平相反；动作协调能力整体水平在性别上无显著差异。本研究设计的成套测验与专家经验评分结果密切相关，能够作为儿童动作协调能力的有效性成套测验，较全面反映动作协调能力发展的真实水平。     

给动作协调性差的中学生制定"处方"的思考

随着人们物质生活水平的提高,学生的身体素质有了明显的提高,但是也有一部分中学生,由于各种原因造成他们动作协调性差,完成体育动作有一定的难度,做出来的动作美感欠缺。在新课程″让每一个学生从运动中受益″的理念指导下,对动作协调性差的中学生制定运动处方,力争让体育教学惠及每一个学生,让每一个学生真正地能够从体育课或体育活动中获益。     

运动协调的定量方法以及在专项技术分析领域的研究进展

人体的运动协调问题一直受到多个研究领域的关注。Bernstein运动协调观与运动协调的动态系统理论被广泛应用于解释运动协调的形成、发展、特征中,成为研究运动协调的主要理论基础。依据这些理论基础,针对不同类型研究的需要,设计了多种运动协调的定量方法来客观展现人体的协调运动,这些方法都具有各自的优缺点。目前,在专项技术分析领域中,对专项技术中肢体协调层面的研究较多,在多种专项技术中都发现了一些高效的运动协调方式。尽管这些运动协调方式各有不同,但是展现出一些共性的特征。此外,在优秀运动员的技术中,具有较大的肢体协调变异性,这些变异性是肌肉-骨骼复杂系统灵活性的体现,有利于运动任务的实现。在关节动力学、肌肉活动等层面中运动协调的研究相对较少。专项技术中运动协调的研究趋势有:1)由于运动技术种类繁多,各自特征不同,对运动协调的研究将会涉及到更多的运动项目中;2)应用动态系统理论,进一步探索优秀运动员技术中运动协调变异性对专项技术的作用;3)应用动态系统理论,拓展对专项技术中运动协调控制变量的研究;4)拓展在优秀运动员专项技术中关节动力学、肌肉活动等更深层面中运动协调特征的研究。     

7-10岁男子少年武术运动员动作协调能力发展特征研究

文章运用问卷调查法、实验法、专家评定法、数据统计法,对设计的五项测试动作协调能力指标,在120名7-10岁少年武术运动员和普通学生中进行对比实验分析,研究结果表明:7-10岁少年武术运动员组协调能力发展水平整体高于普通学生组;7-9岁年龄段少年儿童动作协调能力增长速度比较快,9-10岁年龄段是协调能力发展平缓期;7-8岁年龄段是武术运动员听觉肢体协调能力和上下肢体协调能力的突增期,平均增长率在30%以上。     

奥林匹克运动与经济的冲突和调适

奥林匹克运动与经济的结合，既是历史的必然选择，也是适应现实社会发展的客观需要，标志着奥林匹克精神从理想主义向现实主义的巨变。但在这一变化过程中，不可避免地产生了一些冲突。应该积极进行改革，在精神和利益之间构建互动的桥梁，努力地维持经济与奥林匹克运动的协调发展，尽可能从法制、组织、制度上消除商业化所带来的负面影响。     

Collegiate baseball players with more optimal functional movement patterns demonstrate better athletic performance in speed and agility

Sports injuries are common among baseball players and may result in abnormal movement patterns, increased risks of future injury, and unsatisfactory performance. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS?) has been developed to detect abnormal functional movement patterns and can be used for predicting risks of sports injury. However, whether FMS? scores are associated with athletic performance remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the association between functional movements and athletic performance in elite baseball players. Core stability, muscular strength and flexibility of the lower extremities, and FMS?, as well as athletic performance in sprinting, agility, and balance tests were assessed in 52 male collegiate Division I baseball players placed into two groups based on FMS? scores. The high-scoring group demonstrated better athletic performance than the low-scoring group, with a shorter duration of the agility test. No group differences were found in core stability, muscular strength, or muscle flexibility, except for rectus femoris flexibility. Thus, the FMS? score is associated with sprinting and agility performance in elite baseball players. These findings indicate that the FMS? may have a role in predicting athletic performance and thereby help determine the goals of training regimens or return-to-play strategies.     

Components of attack response inhibition in fencing: Components of attack response inhibition in fencing

Applying the Go/No-Go paradigm to fencing, we investigated the relationship between the moment at which the No-Go signal appeared after a movement had been initiated and the time required by fencers to suppress the motor execution of a step-lunge. Secondarily, we determined a time threshold from which movement inhibition results in an error. The No-Go stimulus was represented by a real attack movement. 18 elite fencers and a fencing master were included in the study. Four force plates measured the horizontal components of the fencer's and master's reaction forces, which were used to calculate the time components of the attack and the response inhibition process. Also, the velocity and displacement of the master's and fencer's respective centres of mass were estimated using inverse dynamics. In all cases, cognitive inhibition processes were completed after the onset of movement. Movement time was calculated using four time components (muscle activation, muscle deactivation, transition and braking time). The results obtained revealed that cognitive processes were not significantly affected by the timing of the appearance of the No-Go signal. In contrast, movement time and its time components tended to decrease when the time delay between the No-Go stimulus and the onset of the fencer's movement increased. In conclusion, any attempt to withhold an attack movement when it has already started leads to an error that increases the risk of being hit by the opponent, especially when attack is inhibited within 150?ms after the movement has started.     

人体运动协调形成过程中的肌电变化特征研究

本文通过研究原地掷标枪训练过程中人体肌电变化情况,旨在探讨人体运动协调形成过程中,肌肉用力的变化特征和规律。研究发现,运动训练可以改变某些肌肉在发力过程中的参与程度。初学者表现为躯干肌群i EMG和RMS值与优秀运动员差异显著,且训练前后差异无明显变化。     

沙滩排球扣球起跳动作协调性特征的运动生物力学研究

根据动作协调性理论并以室内排球为对照 ,采用理论分析与实验相结合的方法对沙滩排球扣球起跳阶段运动员的动作协调性进行了探讨。结果为 :沙滩排球扣球起跳阶段下肢髋 -膝 -踝运动链的运动基本上表现为同步性 ,而上肢 -躯干 -下肢运动链的运动则表现为顺序性 ;沙滩排球扣球起跳时肩关节发力过早影响了上、下肢动作的协调性 ;沙滩排球扣球起跳时人体两侧踝关节的非同步性导致了两侧自由下肢运动的非同步性 ,影响了扣球起跳的效果     

对射击飞碟多向看起运枪击发的技术动作和整体配合的分析

看起运是飞碟的核心技术,而整体动作是保障核心技术发挥的关键之一,通过分析,找到最适合自己的技术动作和整体动作,更好的提高竞技能力.