Estimates of the number of people in England who attain or exceed vigorous intensity exercise by walking at 3 mph

Abstract

Walking is a safe, accessible and low cost activity, amenable to change and known to have great potential to increase physical activity levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of this study is to estimate the proportion of the 2009 adult population of England who would attain or exceed vigorous intensity activity (>70% maximum heart rate [HR_max]) by walking at 3 mph. We conducted predictive impact modelling using participants' (n = 1741, aged 25–64 years) cardiovascular fitness data from treadmill walking tests. We combined this data with English population estimates adjusted for age and sex to estimate the numbers of individuals that would exceed 70% HR_max (an intensity considered sufficient for fitness gains) when walking at 3 mph (4.8 km · h^?1). We estimate 1.5 million men (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9–2.2 million) (from 13.4 million corresponding to 11.6% (95% CI 7.0–16.2%)) and 3.9 million women (95% CI 3.0–4.8 million) (from 13.6 million corresponding to 28.6% (95% CI 22.0–35.1%)) in England aged 25–64 years would benefit from regularly walking at 3 mph. In total, a projected 5.4 million individuals (95% CI 3.9–6.9 million) aged 25–64 (from 26.97 million corresponding to 20.1% (95% CI 14.6–25.7%)) could benefit from walking at 3 mph. Our estimates suggest a considerable number of individuals in the English population could receive fitness and health benefits by walking regularly at 3 mph. Physical activity messages that promote walking at this speed may therefore have the potential to significantly impact national fitness levels and health in England.     

Cut points of the Actigraph GT9X for moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity at four different wear locations

ABSTRACT

Accelerometer cut points are an important consideration for distinguishing the intensity of activity into categories such as moderate and vigorous. It is well-established in the literature that these cut points depend on a variety of factors, including age group, device, and wear location. The Actigraph GT9X is a newer model accelerometer that is used for physical activity research, but existing cut points for this device are limited since it is a newer device. Furthermore, there is not existing data on cut points for the GT9X at the ankle or foot locations, which offers some potential benefit for activities that do not involve arm and/or core motion. A total of N = 44 adults completed a four-stage treadmill protocol while wearing Actigraph GT9X sensors at four different locations: foot, ankle, wrist, and hip. Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) levels assessed by indirect calorimetry along with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish cut points for moderate and vigorous intensity for each wear location of the GT9X. Area under the ROC curves indicated high discrimination accuracy for each case.     

不同运动强度对经常与不经常锻炼者心境的影响

采用RPE生成方案调节强度,36名大学生以小、中、大3强度分别运动10min,检验不同强度运动前后心境状态的变化,以及对经常与不经常锻炼者心境的影响。结果显示,低强度运动有利于心境改善;中等强度运动对心境改善效果不明显;大强度运动对心境没有产生影响。中等强度运动对不经常锻炼者自尊的提高更有效,低强度运动对不经常锻炼者混乱的降低更显著。建议根据个体锻炼经历不同施以不同运动强度,从而获得心境改善的最大效果。     

The changing value of vigorous activity and the paradox of utilising exercise as punishment in physical education

Background: Previous research on physical education (PE) teaching practice indicates that an exercise physiology discourse has assumed a dominant position within the field. Research shows that PE teachers are likely to emphasise physical fitness training in their teaching, and PE teachers seem to appreciate pupils who show high levels of physical exertion.

Purposes: Our aim is to examine how vigorous activity/exercise is represented in the practice of PE teaching. We will also examine teaching as a discursive practice, and thereby contribute to a critical perspective on PE pedagogy.

Research design: This study was conducted in four upper secondary schools in Oslo, Norway. Data material was produced through fieldwork, during which we observed 92 PE lessons. Additionally, we conducted qualitative interviews with the eight teachers who participated in the study. Our methodological framework was discourse analysis.

Findings: Our material shows that vigorous activity plays a complex role in PE class: it can be beneficial, but it can also be punitive. The PE teachers we observed drew on an exercise physiology discourse to portray vigorous activity/exercise as beneficial and valuable to the promotion of pupils’ physical fitness and health. However, the teachers also drew on a military discourse when assigning vigorous activity to rebuke a disobedient pupil. The teachers also introduced vigorous activity in the form of additional exercise ‘punishment’, which they assigned to losers in competitive activities. In these instances, the teachers drew on exercise physiology and sports discourses. Thus, we identified how vigorous activity changed value according to context, and discuss how teachers’ use of vigorous activity as punishment can seem paradoxical in a PE setting.

Conclusion and recommendation: Our study indicates that, rather than adhering to modern educational practices, PE is rooted in ideas and practices derived from military, sports and exercise physiology discourses. PE teachers inculcated with these discourses have limited ability to discern the paradox of assigning vigorous exercise to their pupils as both a high-value activity and a punishment. PE Teacher Education should therefore problematise how teaching practice is influenced by these discourses, and facilitate discussions on how such discourses constitute PE.     

不同运动强度对衰老小鼠血清干预效果的研究

目的：研究不同运动强度对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的抗氧化水平的影响,观察其延缓表老的效果。方法：将50只昆明小鼠,随机分为5组,分别为大运动强度．中等运动强度、小运动强度的运动干预组,衰老时照组和正常对照组。采用D-半乳糖皮下注射建立亚急性衰老模型。6周后测定血清中与抗衰老作用相关的超氧化物吱化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肤过氧化物酶（GSH--PX）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果：运动干预组与衰老模型姐比较,大运动强度干预组小鼠血清SOD的活性有显著性改善（P〈0．05）,GSH-PX的活性和MDA的含量则无显著性差异;中等运动强度干预组血清SOD,GSH-PX活性均有显著性改（P〈0．05）,并且MDA的含量也有显著性改善（P〈0．05）;小运动强度干预组小鼠的血清SOD、GSH-PX的活性和MDA的含量则均无显著性差异。进一步分析表明,与衰老模型组比较,中等运动强度干预组血清SOD、GSH-PX活性和MDA@量的变化幅度均大于其它两种运动强度。结论：研究结果表明中等运动强度的干预能显著改善血清中与抗表老作用相关的血清SOD、GSH—PX的活性和MDA的含量。     

辽宁省城镇老年人锻炼情况及影响因素分析

对辽宁省60～69岁城镇老年人锻炼情况进行调研,了解辽宁省老年人参加体育锻炼的基本情况,参加体育锻炼的时间、频度和运动强度以及参加体育锻炼的项目和参加体育锻炼的原因,为全民健身在辽宁省老年人群中的大力发展奠定坚实的理论基础.     

健身运动对中老年人同型半胱氨酸水平影响的研究

目的:了解长期坚持健身运动者血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)水平,明确健身运动对HCY水平的影响.方法:选择长期坚持骑行和长跑运动的人群为健身运动组,社区内不运动的人群为对照组,监测其HCY水平.结果:长期坚持健身运动组HCY水平比非运动人群的HCY水平低,而且有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);健身运动组(骑行组和长跑组)之间HCY值没有显著性差异;各组男性HCY值普遍高于女性,而且有显著性差异(P＜0.05);对照组高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHCY)发生率高于健身运动组.结论:长期坚持骑行和长跑这两种运动可以降低HCY水平,从而降低HHCY的发生率,对预防心脑血管等疾病的发生有积极的作用.     

我国竞走项目青少年阶段训练安排的现状分析

对我国竞走项目青少年阶段训练安排现状进行研究后认为:竞走项目青少年阶段训练安排存在训练理念落后、内容单调、早期专项化、过量训练以及训练模式成人化等问题。建议:通过教练员能力培养、改变青少年教练员考核标准、改良三级训练体制、针对青少年阶段生理与心理特征设计有的放矢的训练计划等策略来提高青少年竞走运动员训练目标的长远性与训练过程的系统性,避免教练员因急功近利而导致的青少年训练早期专项化与过量训练现象。     

黔东南剑河苗族水鼓舞考察

民族舞蹈与传统体育有着密切的联系,水鼓舞是苗族宗教祭祀、农耕文明的文化积淀,具有鲜明的教育价值、文化价值、交往价值与符号价值。社会文明的发展导致水鼓舞价值功能、文化品位和参与群体也发生了相应的变化。作为村落性的体育活动,水鼓舞对少数民族村落体育发展有重要启示:少数民族村落体育应该尽量在不改变活动时间、服装道具、仪式过程及参与人员本土化的基础上保持民族文化的原生态与多样性,打造品牌、形成特色,发挥行政职能部门与重要传人的影响力,并在保持民族文化原生态的基础上进行适当的旅游与无形资产开发,以促进生产力发展。     

The use of public sports facilities by the disabled in England

Disabled sports participants are a small proportion of sports participants at English public sports centres; but they are important to the social inclusion agenda. This paper aims to provide a detailed insight into the preferences and behaviour of disabled sports participants.It investigated whether there were statistical differences: first, between the disabled sports participants and the non-disabled sports participants in terms of (1) social demographics, (2) patterns of participation, (3) travel, (4) sports activities and (5) customer satisfaction; and second, between age, ethnic, socio-economic and gender groups of their subsamples, on (2), (4) and (5) again. Disability is defined as having any long term illness or health problem which limits a person's daily activities or the work that a person can do. The data collected through the National Benchmarking Service, for 458 sports centres from 2005 to 2011, revealed that about 9% of over 150,000 sports participants were disabled. Swimming, using fitness equipment and keep fit related exercises were the top three most frequently stated main sports activities by the disabled. It was also more likely for the disabled to participate in organised activities, own a leisure card and participate regularly when compared with the non-disabled participants. In addition, the disabled were also more likely than the non-disabled to travel to the centre by public transport, from home and travel a longer journey time. The industry weaknesses as identified by the disabled relate to physical evidence of the sports centres, particularly cleanliness attributes. Measures that can be taken to increase sports participation by the disabled include competent support at sports centres, promotions through discount schemes or leisure cards, and free transportation to sport centres in catchment areas with high proportions of disabled in their population.     

蹼泳训练强度的功率评价法

研究目的：研究蹼泳运动强度准确、实用的表示方法。研究方法：对运动训练物理本质的讨论和量纲分析的方法。研究结果和结论：用运动员所作的机械功来表示运动负荷更为确切，提出了无因次强度(功率)系数的概念。无因次强度系数排除了个体差异的影响，是运动员机能和技能的综合表现。采用该指标表示训练强度更准确、更简单适用。     

普通高校保健班健身运动处方教学模式的实验研究

通过对高校体育保健课和课外体育活动中实施健身运动处方教学与锻炼的实验，探讨对病、残、体弱学生实施运动处方教学与锻炼的效果和可行性。实验结果表明，对保健班学生实行健身运动处方教学与锻炼，能有效地改善心肺机能，提高身体素质及心理健康水平，促进患体的康复。     

不同强度的耐力运动对糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激与TIMP-1表达的影响

目的:探讨不同运动强度的耐力运动对糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物-1(TIMP-1)的影响。方法:以体重190±15 g SD雄性大鼠为研究对象,经6周高脂高糖膳食喂养并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病模型后,将糖尿病大鼠分为糖尿病对照组(DMC),糖尿病运动Ⅰ组(DME1,跑速为10 m/min),糖尿病运动Ⅱ组(DME2,跑速为15 m/min),糖尿病运动3组(DME3,跑速为20m/min),运动组每天1小时跑台运动,每周5天,持续6周。6周末检测血糖、胰岛素,肾脏组织内MDA、SOD、CAT及TIMP-1的含量或活性。结果:与对照组相比,运动组血糖均著下降(P<0.01),而运动组血清胰岛素均呈上升趋势,且DME3组显著上升(P<0.05),但运动1组、运动2组胰岛素抵抗指数显著下降(P<0.05);而运动1组与运动2组MDA显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);同时,各运动组抗氧化酶均呈上升趋势,其中T-SOD含量上升均具有显著性或极显著性差异,低强度、中强度运动组CAT含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01);而运动组TIMP-1表达水平显著或极显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:10 m/min、15 m/min强度耐力运动可有效地控制降低血糖,改善胰岛素抵抗,提高糖尿病大鼠抗氧化防御系统,防止肾脏纤维化,有利于控制糖尿病进一步恶化。     

磷酯酰肌醇3激酶在骨骼肌中的调节以及运动对它的影响

在骨骼肌中磷酯酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)以异二聚体形态存在.它以及它下游的靶目标和胰岛素受体底物(IRS1,2)一起在胰岛素信号转导通路中发挥重要作用,并参与了胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运和GLUT-4转移;不同强度运动以及运动时间对骨骼肌中PI3K有着不同的作用,这也和胰岛素的调节有关.     

The use of individualized speed and intensity thresholds for determining the distance run at high-intensity in professional soccer

Abstract

As with other match analysis systems, ProZone® uses an absolute speed threshold to identify running speeds at “high-intensity”. In this study, we examined the use of an individualized high-intensity speed threshold based on the speed at the second ventilatory threshold (VT_2speed) for assessment of the distance run at high-intensity during matches. Ten professional soccer players completed a maximal treadmill test to determine VT_2speed. Match data were identified by means of the ProZone® match analysis system. The distances run at high-intensity during matches were calculated using the default value (19.8 km · h^?1) and VT_2speed. Differences between VT_2speed and the default were analysed using a non-parametric median sign test. The distances run at high-intensity were compared with a paired t-test. The median VT_2speed was 15 km · h^?1 (range 14–16 km · h^?1), which was less than the default (P < 0.01). Mean distance run at high-intensity based on the default and VT_2speed was 845 m (s = 296) and 2258 m (s = 707), respectively [mean difference 1413 m; P < 0.001 (95% CI: 1037–1789 m)]. The high-intensity running speeds based on the second ventilatory threshold are substantially less than that used as the default within the ProZone® match analysis system, thus the distance run at high-intensity can be substantially underestimated.     

Differences in the magnitude and reliability of velocity variables collected during 3 variants of the bench press exercise

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to compare the reliability and magnitude of velocity variables between 3 variants of the bench press (BP) exercise in participants with and without BP training experience. Thirty males, 15 with and 15 without BP experience, randomly performed 3 variants of the BP on separate sessions: (I) concentric-only, (II) fast-eccentric and (III) controlled-eccentric. The mean velocity (MV) and maximum velocity (V_max) of the concentric phase were collected against 3 loads (≈30%1RM, 50%1RM, and 75%1RM) with a linear velocity transducer. Reliability was high regardless of the variable, BP variant, and load (coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 4.47%, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥ 0.87). The comparison of the CVs suggested a higher reliability for the fast-eccentric BP (8 out of 12 comparisons), followed by the concentric-only BP (5 out of 12 comparisons), and finally the controlled-eccentric BP (never provided a higher reliability). No differences in reliability were observed between experienced (CV ≤ 4.71%; ICC ≥ 0.79) and non-experienced (CV ≤ 6.29%; ICC ≥ 0.76) participants. The fast-eccentric BP provided the highest MV (p < 0.05) and no differences were observed for V_max. These results support the assessment of movement velocity during the fast-eccentric BP even in participants without experience.     

北京奥运会女子20 km竞走中外优秀运动员比赛特征对比分析

对北京奥运会女子20 km竞走比赛中外优秀运动员犯规特征和速度特征进行对比分析研究,结果表明:我国运动员腾空性质犯规仍是技术犯规的主要问题,技术发挥不稳定;比赛最高速度与最低速度变化较大,体力分配不均;比赛后半程体能下降过快.     

长期大强度运动诱导PI3K信号对心肌肥大的作用研究

目的通过建立大强度运动心肌肥大模型,探讨长期大强度运动下PI3K信号对运动性心肌肥大的影响。方法 7周龄雄性SD大鼠在适应性训练后随机分为安静组、中强度组和大强度组。中强度组和大强度组分别取4个观察点进行观察(末次运动后即刻、6 h、12 h和24 h),每个观测点6只。运动方案为递增负荷跑台训练,共进行7周。用Western blotting测定心肌PI3K p85、PI3K p110α和calcineurin蛋白表达。ELSIA检测血清cTnI。HE和HBFP染色观察心肌组织形态。结果 (1)心系数大强度组显著高于中强度组和安静组。(2)血清cTnI在运动后6 h达到峰值。大强度组显著高于中强度组,运动后24 h未恢复到安静组水平。(3)大强度组心肌形态学发生改变,缺血缺氧明显。(4)大强度组心肌PI3K p85、PI3K p110α蛋白表达运动后即刻达到峰值,然后回落。中强度组上述指标运动后6 h达到峰值,然后逐步回落。(5)大强度组心肌calcineurin在运动后12 h达到峰值,运动后24 h未恢复安静组水平。结论 (1)运动性心肌肥大程度随运动强度增大而增加,形态学和血清cTnI结果表明长期中等强度运动诱导的心肌肥大为生理性的,而长期大强度运动会造成严重的心肌损伤,使心肌肥大有向病理性发展的风险。(2)长期中等强度运动诱导的心肌肥大主要由PI3K信号调控;长期大强度运动下心肌PI3K信号未被激活,心肌肥大主要由calcineurin信号调控。     

贫困民族地区开展体育活动的制约因素及发展对策

贫困民族地区的形成是一个历史过程,贫困民族地区经济基础薄弱,发展相对滞后,农村人口比率高,总体素质低,形成了较大的与体育文化无关的群体.因此,充分利用当地贫困民族地区群众原有的一些有利因素,因势利导,使现代化体育的传播向科学健身方向发展.