科学主义和现代反科学思潮述评

科学的发展和应用导致了两种关乎自身的相反的思潮——科学主义和反科学思潮、科学主义的精髓在于它提倡和推崇一种在科学中孕育出来的科学精神。这是一种实事求是和积极进取的精神,不畏困难和勇于探索的精神。与此相反,一种来自宗教、政治、文化、经济等方面的反科学思潮也同时在公众中弥漫开来。这种思潮以非理性的、怀疑的人文主义和自然主义精神为底蕴,以大规模的公众运动为形式,历数科学的种种问题和过失。主张人们放弃科学,回归自然。文章认为,科学主义所提倡的科学精神的发扬光大,推动了科学事业的不断发展和持续繁荣;反科学思潮的兴起,不利于科学的进步,但其所揭示的深刻的问题,又值得科学工作者和社会学家们深思。     

"学衡派"对唯科学主义的批评

“学衡派”对“五四”新文化运动批判的一个重要内容是对唯科学主义思潮的批评，这既有其思想原因，也有特定的现实原因。“学衡派”的批评集中在对杜威的哲学思想、教育思想的批评，对其在中国文化界、教育界的影响的批评。     

近代中国唯科学主义思潮评析

诞生于西方的近代科学本来只具工具理性的意义,但它传入中国后,却逐渐被中国的知识分子与信仰缠绕在一起.到五四时期,科学作为一种知识形态的内在特征已隐而难露.科学扮演起了整合社会动员的意识形态角色.对科学的误读不可避免地导致了科学主义思潮的泛滥,"科学的方法万能”论,使科学对人的作用由启蒙变成禁锢.     

唯科学主义的贫困

本文在分析了“唯科学主义”的理论特征、存在的缺陷的基础上,认为科学主义与人文主义的整合是社会与科学发展的内在要求。     

现代反科学思潮与科学精神

本文通过对反科学内部构成的分析，指出现代反科学思潮不同于以往的任何反科学，它的主流是反对滥用科学和反对科学应用的负效应，它是对科学造福于人类的社会功能的反思，是符合科学精神的。     

"学衡派"对唯科学主义的批评(续)

下文进而菲薄他嘲讽地称之为“赫赫有名之哥伦比亚大学师范学院”的教育质量：     

论教育研究中的科学主义倾向

科学的巨大成功引发了科学主义的哲学思潮，科学主义是对科学盲目崇拜和迷信的一种狭隘的科学观。在这种思潮影响下，教育研究领域也出现了科学主义倾向。因此，揭示这一倾向的实质和表现并进行反思是很有必要的。     

略论科学主义心理学哲学起源及其特征

科学主义心理学是西方哲学中理智主义传统影响的结果,它以唯科学主义为主要特征,将研究对象客观化,在研究原则和方法上推崇实验法,强调定量化研究,力图将心理学建成一门自然科学。     

从教育学角度试论唯科学主义对人的发展的影响

唯科学主义在对人类社会的进步起着巨大推动作用的同时也开始带给人类越来越多的生存危机,本文将从教育学的角度,来尝试探讨唯科学主义对人的发展的影响并提出解决办法.     

中国佛教对近代科学主义的回应

中国佛教是在近代科学主义流行的历史时期步入复兴之路的。近代中国佛教界关于佛教与科学的关系有以下一些基本看法：佛教重视科学；佛法不违背科学；佛法可以与科学互补；佛法高于科学；佛教非宗教非哲学。这些观点反映了佛教与西方一神教的差异，但基于时代的原因，当时的佛教界尚不能认清科学现象和科学精神的区别。中国佛教接受了科学主义的洗礼未必是坏事，但现代人间佛教还必须从科学主义的阴影中走出来，才有可能找到更为广阔的发展空间。     

科学与人对现代教育的影响

科学与人是科学主义和人本主义谈论的主要论题,也是现代教育“问题中的问题”。20世纪60年代以来,科学主义和人本主义逐渐渗透到社会生活的各个领域。这些理论对现代教育的发展有深刻的影响,现代教育发展所应解决的依然是科学与人的问题。     

在古代诗歌教学中培养学生的科学精神

诗歌是语言的艺术，其本身又蕴涵着深厚的科学精神。诗歌的求善求美求真与科学的精神价值对人的塑造具有异曲同工之妙。研究诗歌的题材、内容，分析作者创作态度和诗歌艺术特色，体会诗人理性的怀疑和宽容的激励精神，感悟诗人求真创新的科学品格，对培养和建构学生为真理献身的科学品质，不容或缺。     

博物学对构建科学文化的启示

社会大众对科学持有一定的观念和理解,形成关于科学的文化。科学主义将其他类型的知识贬斥为大众常识、诗意的表述、形而上学的胡说和伪科学。分析西方科学史上的多元研究传统,可知博物学对多元文化的理解需求具有亲和力和开放性,理解西方科学的多元传统为破除科学主义一元文化和建设中国当代科学文化提供了源头活水。     

Korean Students' Perceptions of Scientific Practices and Understanding of Nature of Science

Korean students have shown relatively little interest and confidence in learning science, despite being ranked in the top percentile in international evaluations of academic achievement in science such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. Although research indicates a positive relationship between student perceptions of science and their science learning, this area has not been sufficiently explored in Korea. Particularly, even though both students' perceptions of scientific practice and their understanding of the nature of science (NOS) are influenced by their science learning experiences at schools, little research examines how this perception, understanding, and experience are related to one another. This study aimed to uncover Korean students' perceptions of school scientific practice through exploring their drawings, writings, and responses to questionnaires. Participants were 500 Korean students in 3rd, 7th, and 10th grades who were asked to complete an open-ended questionnaire. The results indicated that Korean students typically viewed school scientific practices as experimental activities or listening to lecture; and that most participants held an insufficient understanding of the NOS. Overall, no significant relationship emerged between students' perceptions of school scientific practice and their understanding of the NOS. Our findings highlight the need to help both teachers and students understand the potential breadth of school scientific practices, beyond simple ‘activity mania.’ This study also suggests that teachers must balance implicit and explicit instructional approaches to teaching about the NOS through scientific practices in school science contexts.     

从"天人合一"到科学发展观

古人以朴素唯物主义的智慧,论证了“天人合一”的精美命题,但却被现代盲目的“工业文明”和恶性膨胀的“数字政绩”一再否定。过分强调人对自然的权利而大规模吞噬资源,必然带来人类生存的危机。科学发展观完善了邓小平的发展理论,实现了对“天人合一”的“扬弃”和“复归”,在中国共产党思想发展史上树起了又一个重要的里程碑。     

Turning Crisis into Opportunity: Nature of Science and Scientific Inquiry as Illustrated in the Scientific Research on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Interviews with key scientists who had conducted research on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), together with analysis of media reports, documentaries and other literature published during and after the SARS epidemic, revealed many interesting aspects of the nature of science (NOS) and scientific inquiry in contemporary scientific research in the rapidly growing field of molecular biology. The story of SARS illustrates vividly some NOS features advocated in the school science curriculum, including the tentative nature of scientific knowledge, theory-laden observation and interpretation, multiplicity of approaches adopted in scientific inquiry, the inter-relationship between science and technology, and the nexus of science, politics, social and cultural practices. The story also provided some insights into a number of NOS features less emphasised in the school curriculum—for example, the need to combine and coordinate expertise in a number of scientific fields, the intense competition between research groups (suspended during the SARS crisis), the significance of affective issues relating to intellectual honesty and the courage to challenge authority, the pressure of funding issues on the conduct of research and the ‘peace of mind’ of researchers, These less emphasised elements provided empirical evidence that NOS knowledge, like scientific knowledge itself, changes over time. They reflected the need for teachers and curriculum planners to revisit and reconsider whether the features of NOS currently included in the school science curriculum are fully reflective of the practice of science in the 21st century. In this paper, we also report on how we made use of extracts from the news reports and documentaries on SARS, together with episodes from the scientists’ interviews, to develop a multimedia instructional package for explicitly teaching the prominent features of NOS and scientific inquiry identified in the SARS research.

The Culture of Science and the Rhetoric of Scientism: From Francis Bacon to the Darwin Fish

The culture of modern science continues to establish its public identity by appealing to values and historical conceptions that reflect its appropriation of various religious ideals during its formative period, most especially in the rhetoric of Francis Bacon. These elements have persisted because they continue to achieve similar goals, but the scientific culture's growing need for autonomy has required their secularization. The Darwin fish emblem manifests this secular reshaping. This essay shows this by tracing out the lineaments of this older Baconian world view in the scientistic ideology of those whose identity is compressed into this symbol.     

论科学文化的先进性

作为社会大文化的重要组成部分———科学文化,具有四种形态即科学知识形态、科学思想形态、科学方法形态、科学精神形态,当它们向社会系统转化后,起到了推动人类社会物质和精神文明进步的双重作用,而且这种双重作用越来越显突出,充分说明了科学文化的先进性。本文对此进行了较全面的论述。     

略谈科学管理的特征

对科学管理的特征，目前的许多研究都尚未论及。从科学管理的内涵入手，科学管理的特征可以概括为以下七个：目的性、实践性、过程性、人本性、整合性、综合性、战略性。