Gegenwartsfragen Des Bildungswesens in Der Sowjetunion im Spiegel Der Zeitschrift “Sovetskaja Pedagogika”

Ohne ZusammenfassungDieInternationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft wird, künftig zweimal im Jahr eine zusammenfassende Übersicht der wichtigsten Aufsätze in derSovetskaja Pedagogika veröffentlichen. Die Schriftleitung.     

Die Stadt Wien und die Aufgabe der europäischen Erziehung Zu den Wiener Europäischen Gesprächen 1956–1961

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die professionelle Kompetenz angehender Physiklehrkräfte in verschiedenen Ausbildungsformen

A nation-wide measurement of competencies in teaching training programs was carried out in order to find suggestions for optimizing university study programs for students on teacher training programs in the subject of physical sciences. 430 physical science teacher training students were surveyed using a standardized test, which covered knowledge of physical sciences, didactic knowledge for physics, general pedagogic knowledge, beliefs and motivations. This contribution, firstly, compares the competencies of students of teacher training colleges with the competencies of students of teacher training in universities. Parallel investigations have already found that the students of different training programs also differ in their performance. The resulting differences are then analyzed using regression models in an attempt to find the determinants of subject-related competencies in teacher training programs. The findings point to the significance of individual personality characteristics and the amount of time spent on learning opportunities in the university. The article closes with a discussion of the implications for optimizing teacher training programs.     

Enseignement Supérieur Et Origine Sociale En France: Étude Statistique Des Inégalités Depuis 1965

HIGHER EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ORIGIN IN FRANCE: A STATISTICAL STUDY OF INEQUALITIES SINCE 1965 – Mass education has the goal of guaranteeing the same education to all in order to moderate differences between individuals and promote a kind of equality of opportunity. Nonetheless, it seems clear that lower-class youths do not benefit as much from their degree or university experience as do those who come from more privileged backgrounds. The present study statistically analyses the evolution of higher education since 1965 with respect to social origin in order to determine whether the massification of education has really been accompanied by democratization. Its conclusion is twofold: This evolution has indeed allowed for a certain democratization of higher education by offering new perspectives for the middle and lower classes; but nevertheless it has not always granted them access to prestigious courses of study, so that one still finds two systems of higher education which are relatively separate and whose separation remains a function of social origin.     

Die Bedeutung der Niedersächsischen Orientierungsstufe für den Ausgleich sozialer Disparitäten in der Bildungsbeteiligung

Zusammenfassung Die fl?chendeckende Einführung der Orientierungsstufe in Niedersachsen war eng mit dem Ziel des Ausgleichs sozialer Benachteiligung verbunden. Bis vor kurzem lagen jedoch kaum Erkenntnisse darüber vor, wie die Wirksamkeit dieser Schulstufe unter den Bedingungen eines obligatorischen Regelangebots einzusch?tzen ist. Im vorlie genden Beitrag wird überprüft, inwiefern es der Orientierungsstufe gelingt, die Bedingungen für eine leistungsgerechte Verteilung der Schüler auf die Schulformen der Sekundarstufe I zu schaffen. Dafür werden die Daten einer aktuellen repr?sentativen Studie an nie ders?chsischen Orientierungsstufen und Schulformen des Sekundarbereichs verwendet. Die empirischen Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es der Orientierungsstufe einerseits nicht gelingt, ihren Auftrag der individuellen F?rderung und objektiven Leistungsbeurteilung zu erfüllen. Andererseits schafft sie es nicht, korrigierend auf die schichtbedingten elterlichen Bildungsaspirationen einzuwirken.

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Summary The Effectiveness of the Orientation-Level in Schools in Lower Saxony in Re-balancing Social Disparities in Educational Participation The introduction of the so-called “Orientation-Level” into the schools of Lower Saxony was originally connected to the goal of re-balancing social disadvantage. Until recently, there was little evidence for judging the effectiveness of this obligatory provision. This paper investigates the success of the orientation-level in creating conditions for an ability-based distribution of pupils between the different schools types at secondary level. A recent representative study of the orientation-level and different school types will be presented. The empirical results indicate that the orientation-level neither fulfils its task of individual support and objective ability assessment nor does it re-balance the different educational aspirations of parents from different social groups.

     

Der Einfluss von Bildungs- und Wirtschaftspolitik auf den Ertrag des Hochschulstudiums in 21 OECD-Ländern

Returns to Higher Education in 21 OECD Countries: The impact of economic and university policies. – We present new estimates of the private internal rate of return (IRR) to Higher Education (HE) in 21 OECD countries. In 2001 the IRR varied considerably across countries, ranging from 4 percent for women in Italy (5 percent for men in Spain) to 14 percent in Ireland. IRR are relatively homogeneous across gender. At 6¼ percent the IRR for Germany falls short of the OECD average (8½ percent). The largest contributor to benefits from HE is the educational wage premium; the largest contributor to costs is foregone income while studying. Cross-country differences in IRR are driven by differences in the wage premium (27 percent in Spain versus 91 percent in Hungary and the United States), in the duration of HE, the marginal tax rate, and direct costs of HE. We then simulate the effect of policy reforms on the IRR. An increase in tuition fees equivalent to 15 percent of average national income would reduce the IRR by 0.8 to 1.6 percentage points (Germany: 1.1 percent). Shortening the duration of studies by 10 percent and reducing the progressiveness of the income tax schedule would compensate for the fall in the IRR.     

Die Bedeutung signifikanter Anderer für eine Erklärung sozial differenzierter Bildungsaspirationen

The Wisconsin Model of Status Attainment (WSC) predicts that students’ socially differentiated aspirations can be explained by differences in their school performance and the aspirations and expectations of their social environment. The appropriateness of these assumptions has been called into doubt for highly stratified secondary level educational systems such as the German one. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), with grade 5 as the starting cohort, the relationship between parents’ social class position, the school performance, achievement expectations of teachers and other pupils, aspirations of friends, educational expectations of parents, and the educational aspirations of 4896 learners were analyzed. The results of the conditional logistic regression analysis confirmed the assumptions derived from theory. Social differences in the educational aspirations of learners can be partially explained by differences in their school performance and fully explained by the influences of their reference group, in particular, those of their parents.     

Die Effektivität schriftlicher und kombiniert auditiv-schriftlicher Wortschatzfördermaßnahmen bei Kindern mit nichtdeutscher Herkunftssprache

Disparities in language competencies of children with and without immigrant background are well-documented through large scale assessments. This study investigates the potential of implicit language promotion, presented in written and combined auditory-written formats. Three experimental groups of 4^th graders in elementary schools have been compared. Intervention group (IV) 1 (n?=?33) read the intervention texts two times in German, IV 2 (n?=?52) read texts in their heritage language Turkish and afterwards in German, and IV 3 (n?=?35) listened to texts in Turkish first and read them in German afterwards. All children learned new vocabulary, but analyses of variance showed that students from IV 2 achieved greater vocabulary gains than IV 3. Results also do not support advantages for the combined auditory-written form including the heritage language. Students’ text comprehension and reading competencies influence their incidental vocabulary acquisition. The results are discussed in the light of practical and research implications.     

Der Wert der Mathematik im Klassenzimmer – Die Bedeutung relevanzbezogener Unterrichtsmerkmale für die Wertüberzeugungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler

The lack of secondary school students’ motivation in mathematics lessons poses a great challenge. According to the Expectancy-Value Model (Eccles et al., Achievement and achievement motives: psychological and sociological approaches, New York, Freeman, S. 75–146, 1983), teacher and classmates influence students’ value beliefs. Using data of 1868 ninth grade students and their 72 math teachers, this study was designed to assess the association of several indicators of relevance-oriented teaching strategies and of perceived classmates’ math valuing with students’ value beliefs in mathematics. Two-level linear regression analyses provided evidence that the student-rated practical focus of math lessons predicted students’ intrinsic, attainment, utility, and cost value mainly at the individual level; student-rated classmates’ math valuing was associated with students’ value perceptions more strongly at the class level. Over the course of six months, these effects increased at the individual but not at the class level. Teacher-reported effort to establish connections between math and other domains was positively associated with students’ attainment and cost value. Teacher-rated use of daily life examples led to a decrease in students’ cost value over the course of six months.