美国大学补习教育及其启示

在美国,为大学生提供补习教育是一种极其普遍的现象,其对象主要是那些缺乏基本的读、写、算技能的大学新生,目的在于通过一年左右的补习教育使这些学生获得大学学习所要求的基本的读、写、算的技能,以帮助学生顺利地适应大学的学习生活而过渡到高年级学习。美国大学所实施的补习教育对于提高我国大学对新生适应问题的重视、解决新生所面临的问题有着积极的启示。     

高校联盟:美国走上高等教育强国的重要手段

高校联盟是高等教育理念转化为高等教育实践的重要手段。从高校联盟的演变看美国走上高等教育强国的历史轨迹,可以得出美国高等教育之所以能屹立于世界高等教育之巅与美国高校适应外部环境的"自觉性"有密切的联系。高等教育理念影响美国高校的行为选择,高校采用联盟手段来解决自身的生存与发展问题,创建世界一流大学以及扩大美国高等教育的国际影响。高校联盟在美国高等教育强国形成的各个阶段中均不同程度地发挥了重要作用。我国要由高等教育大国走向高等教育强国,理应重视高校联盟的发展。     

在美国作为一个研究领域的高等教育:历史、学位项目与知识基础

在探索高等教育作为一个研究生阶段的新的学术领域在美国的崛起方面,本文提出了四个相关的主题。首先,本文追溯了高等教育作为一种学位项目的起源和程序化的发展,以及高等教育的课程发展和专业化的演变。第二,通过高等教育研究领域在研究型学位(Ph.D和M.A.)和专业学位(Ed.D.和M.Ed)的发展历史,本文指出在整个20世纪,教育学院都在力求区别对待这两种学位类型,而且努力证明这些学位类型各有其存在的原因和不同的要求。第三,高等教育研究领域的崛起逐步形成了一种知识基础,它反映了与大学历史和传统、大学管理与治理、大学课程、学生和公共政策研究领域相关的正在增长的研究生产力。与许多其他学科和专业领域一样,这种正在发展中的知识基础发轫于致力于高等教育研究的学术期刊、丛书、专著以及期刊文章。第四,在高等教育研究中心和学位项目国际化的背景下,本文对美国、欧洲、加拿大和中国正在演化中的高等教育的多学科领域提供了一个粗略的描述。     

Indochinese refugees in schools in the United States of America—Challenges and opportunities for counsellors

More than 800,000 Southeast Asian refugees have settled in the United States of America since the early 1970s. The major governmental focus on resettlement efforts for these people has been on helping them to attain economic self-sufficiency. This paper reviews research related to the adaptation of the Indochinese refugee students in schools of the United States of America. Included are reviews of: state studies in California and Illinois, the report of the follow-up study of the overseas Southeast Asian refugee training programs preparing students for United States Schools, and major research reports on progress of Southeast Asian youth toward attaining economic self-sufficiency in the Minneapolis/St. Paul, Philadelphia, and San Diego urban areas. Based on a synthesis of information from these six research reports, the author outlines role involvement for school and community agency counselors in meeting the needs of this new population.Paper Presented at the XIIIth International Round Table for the Advancement of Counseling, Changing World—Changing People, Counselling and Global Health Concerns, August 14–18, 1988 Calgary Canada.     

90后大学生群体特征归因与应对策略

许多研究者认为90后大学生群体相对于其他年龄段的大学生具有独特的群体特征,并表现在其人生观、价值观以及行为处事的态度中。文章参考有关这方面的研究,参照美国上世纪六七十年代由于相对主义价值观盛行而导致的当时美国大学生道德价值取向多元化现象,着重对90后大学生道德观念变迁的具体现象的原因做一分析,并提出较有针对性的教育策略。     

Results of two national surveys of leadership personnel needs in deaf education

Seventy university teacher preparation programs and 100 instructional programs serving at least 120 deaf and hard of hearing students were surveyed separately to (a) determine the demand for additional doctoral-level leadership personnel in deaf education, (b) obtain guidance for university leadership preparation programs in deaf education for the purpose of recruiting leadership personnel, and (c) identify experiences that would be relevant to the positions for which prospective leadership personnel are preparing. Data representing 54% of teacher preparation programs and 65% of instructional programs serving deaf and hard of hearing students in the United States evince the need for additional doctoral-level personnel for faculty positions in university teacher preparation programs in deaf education, as well as the need for leadership positions in instructional programs serving deaf and hard of hearing children. Data also provide direction for leadership preparation programs in addressing the leadership personnel needs of the field.     

聘请外籍专家讲授《构造地质学》课程的启示

为了将地质学理科基地的学生培养成为地质学理科基础科学研究和教学的优秀创新人才并与国际地质教育接轨，高等院校有必要聘请外籍专家授课。本文在总结外籍教授的教学特点基础上，得出了对教学改革和提高教师的教学水平的几点启示。     

Making a difference online: Facilitating service-learning through distance education

Development in the understanding and education of responsible citizenship is an important priority for higher education institutions. Evidence of this importance is expressed in the mission statements of many colleges and universities throughout the United States. As increasing numbers of students take advantage of distance education, it is essential to consider both the ways students can engage in experientially based learning environments that promote civic engagement as well as the manner by which institutions can fulfill this aspect of their missions. This article explores service-learning pedagogy delivered in an online format, specifically a case study describing the way one institution, University of Illinois at Springfield, successfully uses the Internet to provide such instruction.     

理论与实践的黏合剂:美国“有效教师教育项目”临床见实习模式评述

美国"有效教师教育项目"突出见习实习教师教学临床经验建构,在见习实习内容、指导方式以及建设实验学校和专业发展学校等方面,对见习、实习模式进行改革与创新,取得重大突破并积累起成功经验。这些经验对我国提升教育见习、实习有效性,强化见习、实习在教师培养中的实践性、综合性、基础性功能,提升教师教育研究和实践的内涵都具有积极的借鉴作用。     

The Idea of an International University Reshaped by Students: An Ethnographic Study in a Chinese University

This paper presents how students reshaped the idea of an international university offered to them. The findings derive from participant observation ethnographic fieldwork carried out at Fudan University in China. The analysis proves that the idea of an “international university” offered to Fudan University students was double-edged in the sense that it both cultivated and screened international talent. Students reshaped their university by manipulating or “twisting” the screening process when applying for short-term study abroad programs, on the one hand, and creating cultivating “devices” within the university, namely student-initiated associations on the other hand. The findings of this paper add a new aspect to the idea of the “international university” from students’ perspective and turn the spotlight on students as active builders of their university.     

International Cross-Cultural Online Learning and Teaching: Effective Tools and Approaches

“Study abroad” college programs can transform domestic students into a kind of “global citizens” with international experience and cross-cultural competences demanded in the emerging global market. Can a full-time international online undergraduate class serve as a virtual alternative to study abroad experience? Two questions were asked of a virtual class on Social Control that was taught for more than ten years: (1) Can an international online class can be a virtual option to the study abroad and (2) Which selected pedagogical tools and approaches can stimulate creativity of students and contribute to achieving a sufficient level of student satisfaction in this class? Students from several countries were taught in a virtual classroom while being physically “at home.” The research was based on observations and analysis of student-led discussions that were required of students. The class improved students’ substantive knowledge and created a learning environment to develop their skills in cross-cultural open dialogue with virtual classmates. The teaching design allowed instructors to attain many educational goals, enhance students’ understanding of foreign countries and cultures, and learn from each other through online communication. The results confirmed the effectiveness of selected pedagogical approaches and asynchronous communication technology in an international online class. Their effectiveness was demonstrated through the students’ postclass feedback and evaluation of the class. Findings indicate that an international online class can indeed help the students learn cross-cultural communication firsthand and obtain knowledge beneficial for future jobs in a global market.

In higher education, online distance education is useful for teaching large classes distributed among different campuses and universities or for teaching students abroad. Web 2.0 tools are widely used in the United States with transnational partnership programs (Martins 2015; Starke-Meyerring and Wilson 2008c). The American Center for the Study of Distance Education helps newcomers in this field learn transactional distance theory and tap into the broad experience already assembled by U.S. universities and other centers (Open University in the United Kingdom, similar Centers in Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, and Sweden).     

Elementary preservice teachers’ opinions about parental involvement in elementary children's education

Although parent–teacher interaction is a key factor for children's education, little attention has been paid to this issue in teacher education programs. This study explores and examines the opinions of elementary preservice teachers about parental involvement in elementary children's education. While a total of 223 preservice teachers from a large research university in the southeast of United States participated in the quantitative part, twelve preservice teachers within the same sample who were at the end of their student teaching participated in the qualitative part of the study. Study results suggested that teacher education programmes where parental involvement instruction and activities are integrated into the courses help preservice teachers become better prepared and carry positive opinions toward parental involvement.     

大学新生心理健康问题及教育对策

大学新生正处于世界观、人生观和价值观形成的关键时期,处在迅速走向成熟、但还未完全成熟的阶段。大学新生经历的从中学跨入大学的过程,是其人生经历中一次质与量突飞猛进的过程。在这个过程中,大学新生普遍存在着一些心理问题。如何以良好的心理素质、健康的精神风貌迎接新的大学生活,是摆在每一位大学新生面前亟待解决的重大问题,也是广大高校教育工作者、学生家长以及全社会深思的,本文阐述了大学新生心理问题的解决方法,以期培养合格的当代大学生。     

Examining the Effects of Residence and Gender on College Student Adjustment in Iran: Implications for Psychotherapists

This study examined the effects of on-campus residence, in comparison with commuter status, on academic performance, vocational commitment, self-efficacy, and perceptions of the college environment among female and male Iranian students at Shiraz University, Iran. The study sought to extend previous work investigating the effects of college residence on adjustment by testing these effects with a national population that has received relatively little attention in the extant counseling literature. Nearly all previously published studies exploring these phenomena have focused exclusively on college students in the United States. We found that residential living had positive effects on student adjustment and academic performance and that these effects were mediated by gender. Implications of these findings for the college psychotherapy and student development knowledge base, college and university psychotherapists working with international students and American students of Middle Eastern and Northern African descent in the United States, and college counseling professionals working in Middle Eastern and North African nations, as well as critical limitations of the study, are discussed.     

美国高校国际学生的分布结构与启示——以国际学生录取情况为例简

国际学生已经成为美国高校学生群体的重要组成部分。国际学生在生源地、学历层次、科类及就读院校的分布上呈现出诸多显著特征,如主要来自亚洲及拉美的发展中国家,学历结构主要集中于研究生层次,科类分布集中于经济管理及工程领域,主要就读于研究型大学。总体来看,国际学生的分布不仅表征了美国高等教育国际化的发展水平与层次,而且对我国高校进行国际学生管理具有重要启示意义。     

New patterns in higher education cross-cultural learning: The case of a postgraduate english instruction program in China

This paper explores new patterns of learning across cultures in higher education through a case study of a cohort of international graduate students at a university in Chinese mainland. North University (NU) has hosted international students in its Chinese language and culture programs for decades. However, between 2008 and 2010, a new Master’s degree program for international students was established. This attracted 75 graduate students from different disciplinary backgrounds, from 21 developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. English is the common language to both students and faculty, but a foreign language to all. This program marks a significant shift for China’s higher education as it reaches out to the world. The paper describes this cohort’s lived experiences in China, including academic, linguistic and sociocultural learning. It analyzes the challenges such programs pose for the Chinese higher education system, explores how these challenges have become opportunities for growth and how barriers have been overcome. It also discusses the implications of this case for the upgrading of higher education quality in China.     

The School Counselor's Role in Special Education

The purpose of this study was (a) to survey school counselor preparation and perceived and projected role in serving special education students in the southwestern region of the United States; and (b) to determine the status of counselor education programs throughout the nation in preparing counselors to effectively serve exceptional students. The results indicated that 50 percent of the school counselor sample advocated additional involvement with exceptional students, 43 percent felt inadequately prepared to deal effectively with exceptional students, and 60 percent would be more willing to serve exceptional students if their training in special education had been more extensive.     

An International Orientation on Institutional Strategies and Governmental Policies for the Use of ICT in Higher Education

This article provides an international comparative overview of institutional strategies, collaboration patterns and governmental policies related to the use of ICT in higher education. It has been produced as part of an international comparative study on the use of ICT in higher education. A study commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and published as: “The Use of Information and Communication Technology in Higher Education: An International Orientation on Trends and Issues”, B. Collis and M. van der Wende (Eds). University of Twente, CHEPS, 1999. It covers the following range of countries: Belgium, Finland, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America. Additionally some main initiatives at the European level have been taken into account. On the basis of this international comparison, the following main conclusions were drawn. Due in part to the fact that in many cases institutional strategies for ICT are still lacking, interesting experimentation does not generally lead to successful dissemination and adoption on a wider scale. In many cases, the push for a substantial use of ICT in distance learning programs has come from new educati onal markets, life-long learning and international education in particular. The response of higher education to these markets is leading in many countries to a convergence of distance and traditional (on-campus) education. Inter-institutional and inter-sectoral collaboration between universities and companies are characteristics of many successful ICT initiatives, although they do not generally continue into sustainable implementation in the individual institutions. Governments facilitate the use of ICT through the establishment of infrastructure, networks and inter-institutional and public–private partnerships, and try to create the right regulatory environment. Further deregulation will enable institutions to respond to new market demands and will inspire the necessary organizational change in higher education institutions.     

Widening Our Global View: The Development of Career Counseling Services for International Students

The increased number of international students in United States universities and colleges have created the need for the development of services that appropriately reflect their needs and characteristics. The Career Center at the University of Missouri, Columbia reacted to this phenomenon by developing career services exclusively for international students. Career services are provided as individual services and online services, and consist of information on graduate schools and entrance examination practices, information on available employment opportunities and work permit policies, career assessments, and information about specific skills for obtaining a job in the United States. Several marketing strategies were used to ensure international students' use of services. Important points in developing career services for international students are presented.     

The Impact of Supply and Demand on Doctorates in Physical Education Teacher Education: The Future of the Profession

ABSTRACT

Quality preparation of doctoral students is a key to the survival of physical education teacher education. Past research has revealed a shortage of students graduating with a doctoral degree in physical education and a general reluctance of teachers to leave their jobs to pursue an advanced degree. As the number of universities preparing new physical education teacher education assistant professors decreases, those in the profession are concerned for the future of teacher education. Unlike other professions that prepare more doctoral students than the market can accommodate, this is not the case for physical education teacher education doctoral programs. This article will provide summary information on supply and demand, which will be used to identify trends and recommendations for the future. This article will explore the status of doctoral programs in the United States and whether university programs will be able to prepare a sufficient number of professors to replace the aging physical education teacher education professoriate.