Becoming and Being a Specialist: anticipating and experiencing higher education English

Abstract

This paper presents and discusses a hitherto largely neglected area of academic and pedagogic research in one of the most popular subjects in higher education — English. The authors examine student‐held views of what constitutes ‘English’, focusing for part of the discussion on reading and reading logs in routine English teaching. The first part of the paper concentrates on the quality of students’ insights into reading as revealed by the novel experience of keeping a reading log. The second part of the paper places this pedagogic experience in a larger context. Here, students’ own views of English, anticipated and subsequent to arrival in higher education, are evaluated. The authors apply different theoretical constructs in both their methodology and interpretation of findings. They conclude that one significant challenge for students in higher education English today is to adjust themselves, with a balance between flexibility and coherence, to a new techno‐cultural world. This world demands the intellectual capabilities both of self‐reflection and community affiliation in an expanding disccurse called ‘English’.     

Pedagogic practices to support international students in seminar discussions

ABSTRACT

This article explores pedagogic practices, in particular, material artefacts, which support participation and structure the interaction of international students in seminar discussions. Using both a fine-grained analysis of the artefact in interaction as well as student perspectives on its affordances, the findings reveal how material artefacts in the form of worksheets and reading guides can provide international students with linguistic resources, content, and familiarity of routines and participation structures. This article concludes that pedagogic practices are crucial to increasing interaction and participation of international students in seminar settings.     

自主建构与学科融合——美国教师教育课程改革新理念

20世纪末,美国教师教育理论从行为主义转向认知科学。新的认知理论强调教师在教学中的自主建构;强调任教学科与教育学科的融合;强调对学生生活和社会发展的关注和对学生和教师主体性的尊重等。任教学科与教育学科出现了新的融合。     

“The Environment”: Power,Pedagogy, and American Urban Schooling

Drawing on participant-observation research conducted in one core urban and one affluent suburban public school, the author argues that critical educational theorists should devote more attention to differential structural constraints on pedagogic choice. Teachers at the urban North End Community School make pedagogic choices that reinforce social hierarchies. They do so, in part, in order to enable their students to manage a series of risks and dangers associated with concentrated urban poverty. The evidence presented suggests that changing the role power plays in urban public schooling requires changing not only the choices individual teachers make, but also educational and other institutional constraints on pedagogic practice.     

Living Un/Grammatically in a Grammatical World: The Pedagogic World of Teachers and Students

In my work with preservice teachers I face daily a dilemma. My student-teachers come to me with an urgent practical agenda: What do I need to know in order to survive in the world of school? In effect they want me to tell them how to fit into a world that they assume is structured like a grammar, with traditions and conventions and rules and patterns. They are seeking ways to conform to the pedagogic world as it has been written, but I hope they will seek ways to transform the pedagogic world, always written and always in the process of being written. I hope my student-teachers will seek ways to write, actively and deliberately and imaginatively, the pedagogic world of students and teachers. I want them to learn to live un/grammatically, to challenge the ways in which the world has been written for them, to know that they are not only written by the world, but that they also write the world. I invite my students to write the unwritten sentences, the sentences that interrogate and subvert syntax and semantics, the sentences that create spaces where my students can live un/grammatically.     

Adoption of flipped learning in social humanities education: the FIBER experience in secondary schools

ABSTRACT

FIBER (Flipped Issue-Based Enquiry Ride) is a teacher-facilitated interactive pedagogic framework that the authors propose to integrate flipped learning into social humanities education. This paper reports a quasi-experimental study (with mixed methods) which examined the pedagogic effectiveness of FIBER in the authentic setting of formal curriculum learning and teaching. The study involved totally 611 Secondary-4 students from academically top, middle and bottom schools in Hong Kong. In comparison with the conventional issue-based enquiry learning approach, FIBER had different intensity of positive effects on the high, moderate, and low academic-achieving student participants. This paper provides researchers and educational practitioners with empirical evidence for supporting wider adoption of FIBER in social humanities education, as well as harnessing flipped learning in formal schooling. Apart from discussing the benefits, the authors also underline the challenges of FIBER and suggest future work.     

高师实习生教育学知识变化研究

教育实习是高师生向教师过渡的桥梁,对高师生合理知识结构的形成有着至关重要的意义。影响高师实习生教育与知识变化的影响因素包括实习生的自身因素以及教育学课程本身和教育实习制度三个方面。为此,高师院校要调整现行的教育学课程设置,增加教育学课时比例,扩大教育学知识领域,加强学生对运用性知识的学习。同时高师教师还要关注教育学学科的价值体现,探索新的教学方式,以激发学生学习的兴趣。     

基于航空航天专业CDIO课程体系分析MIT本科教学特点

以美国麻省理工学院(MIT)航空与航天专业本科生课程为例,本文介绍了MIT为培养本科生设计开发的CDIO(Conception,Design,Implementation,Operation)工程教育培养模式及其培养目标,总结CDIO模式下的课程计划、教学方式、实践经验、作业考试和社会交往能力等教学活动的特点,提出了它们对我校和我院航天领域军事工程人才培养的借鉴作用。     

Towards a Framework of Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Science Textbooks: The Greek Case

This study aims at presenting a grid for analysing the way the language employed in Greek school science textbooks tends to project pedagogic messages. These messages are analysed for the different school science subjects (i.e., Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and educational levels (i.e., primary and lower secondary level). The analysis is made using the dimensions of content specialisation (classification) and social-pedagogic relationships (framing) promoted by the language of the school science textbooks as well as the elaboration and abstraction of the corresponding linguistic code (formality), thus combining pedagogical and socio-linguistic perspectives. Classification and formality are used to identify the ways science textbooks tend to position students in relation to the interior of the corresponding specialised body of knowledge (i.e., in terms of content and code) while framing is used to identify the ways science textbooks tend to position students as learning subjects within the school science discourse. The results show that the kind of pedagogic messages projected by the textbooks depends mainly on the educational level and not particularly on the specific discipline. As the educational level rises a gradual move towards more specialised forms of scientific knowledge (mainly in terms of code) with a parallel increase in the students' autonomy in accessing the textbook material is noticed. The implications concern the way both students and teachers approach science textbooks as well as the roles they can undertake by internalising the textbooks' pedagogic messages and also the way science textbooks are authored.     

Teaching essay-writing to extra-mural students: An integrated approach

This article desribes an attempt made by researchers at the Research Centre for University Extra-mural Studies to improve the performance of extra-mural students following courses in the Adam Mickiewicz University by providing systematic training in the preparation of written assignments. A significant feature of the experiment was the integration of pedagogic material into the content of the subject-based courses.     

Hard to teach: inclusive pedagogy in social science research methods education

Amidst major new initiatives in research that are beginning to address the pedagogic dimension of building capacity in social science research methods, this paper makes the first move to apply the lens of inclusive pedagogy to research methods pedagogy. The paper explores the ways in which learning social science research methods is hard and may be anxiety-provoking, which has sometimes led to a deficit discourse in which learners are positioned as ill-prepared and fearful. Learners can then be blamed for being hard to teach when an inclusive pedagogical lens would support a more asset-based discourse. Nonetheless, the authors argue that without traditional deficit-based solutions of the remedial class, special needs label or special teacher within the methods learning environment, methods teachers have developed their own responses. These pedagogic responses, elicited from the authors’ research using methods of expert interviews, focus groups and video-stimulated dialogue, address challenges associated with the learner, the learning material and the teacher’s context. The paper differentiates between practical solution-focused strategies and more holistic approaches. The authors illustrate how methods teachers reach out to diverse learners and they conclude that data and standpoints are used in inclusive teaching to make connections and to support learning.     

Developing and articulating pedagogic principles: A case study of early childhood teacher trainees learning to use pedagogic documentation techniques

ABSTRACT

This research examines the development and articulation of pedagogic principles and the process of using pedagogic documentation techniques by early childhood teacher trainees in a university teacher training program (BA Primary Education leading to Qualified Teacher Status) in London, England. The study draws on the perspectives of students in the second year of the teacher training program, and the tutor for the module, as well as documentary analysis of 14 pedagogic documentation panels that were produced by the teacher trainees. The research demonstrates how the development and articulation of pedagogic principles is enabled by the reflective and collaborative practice of photography, dialogue, narrative, and metaphor. Findings can be used to better understand how teacher trainees engage with pedagogic principles while they learn how to use the techniques of pedagogic documentation.     

教育学的行动与体验

教育学的行动是教育学改革的探索与实践;教育学的体验是教育学的教与学及其研究的活动过程与认识过程。教育学的行动与体验对于密切教育学与生活的联系、沟通理论与实践、改变教育学的学习方式,使教师与学生在教育学的学习过程中共同成为研究者、构建师生的交往与互动、造就有意义的教育过程与结果等方面具有重要的意义与价值。     

Local and official forms of symbolic control: an Australian case study of the pedagogic work of para-educational personnel

In this paper an analysis is undertaken of the accounts of pedagogic work provided by para-educational personnel working in two government-funded schools situated in a low socio-economic area of an Australian city. Specifically, the paper examines the accounts of two para-educational personnel who identified as Samoan/Pacific Islander and worked to improve the educational outcomes of students from the local Samoan/Pacific Islander community. It is argued that the pedagogic work of para-educational personnel may play an important role in redistributing discursive (informational) resources transmitted through schooling institutions. However, the positioning of para-educational personnel in the field of the local community and the field of education regulates the form/modality of pedagogic work, that is, what is taught and how it is taught. Moreover, the content and form of pedagogic work has the potential for realising inclusive and/or exclusive relations for students from disadvantaged backgrounds.     

Students’ Differential Text Production in the Regulative Context of the Classroom

The research reported in this article is focused on the regulative context of the classroom and attempts to analyse the differential text production by students with different backgrounds (social class, race) and submitted to three different pedagogic practices. These practices, differing in power and control relations, required from the students specific socio‐ affective dispositions. The study explores the extent to which children possessed the specific coding orientation at the level of a given regulative pedagogic practice and also the underlying reasons. Bernstein's conceptual instruments of pedagogic code and also of recognition and realization rules were used to develop the analysis.     

关于高中数学课程学习的比较研究--对大学生群体的调查与分析

通过问卷调查,对大学生中男女生之间、城乡学生之间、民族学生之间关于高中数学的学习目的、学习兴趣、学习方法以及对高中数学课程改革的期望的比较研究,得到了一些初步结论,给课程改革提供参考.     

论教育学教学与小学教育实践的有机联系

在小学教育学教学中,加强和小学教育实践的有机联系是搞好教育学教学的关键环节,应该采取以下措施:请进来,走出去;做好小学案例库建设;有效利用好现代化的教学手段;提倡小学教育学教师到小学上下水课;引导学生参加丰富多彩的教育实践活动等。     

师生教学关系的走向：从主客体到主体间性交往

师生教学关系的性质关系到教育本质和教育规律等重大问题。师生在教学中互为主客体关系被教育理论界大致认同，但这种关系的弊端已初见端倪，主体间性交往关系才是师生在教学中应有的关系，这种关系可通过增加师生有效性交往的次数，完善师生教学交往信息反馈系统，发挥学生主体性，转换教育理念措施来实现。     

Humanisation in Russian Education: a transition between state determinism and individualism

This article is concerned with the development of humanisation in contemporary Russian education where it is regarded as a key factor influencing social change in the country. The authors draw on the proceedings of a seminar held in Moscow in 1994 concerned with the future of Russian education. Through an analysis of past Russian educational development and related psychological theory an argument is developed which suggests that present trends owe more than may be expected to the past. The concept of mediation is a central concern of the authors. They argue that the present discussion in Russia is overly individualistic and takes no account of processes of mediation in pedagogic formulations which render them incomplete and vulnerable to exploitation.     

Recognition and Realisation Rules in Acquiring School Science ‐‐ the contribution of pedagogy and social background of students

This study investigates the difficulties students encounter in problem solving in the area of sciences. Contrary to usual approaches of a fundamental psychological basis, the research takes into account the sociological processes of learning and transmission in both the family and the school. The aim of the study is to see the extent to which the students have recognition and realisation rules in the micro‐context of problem solving (specific coding orientation) and to find out the reasons which may underlie their difficulties. Thus the data obtained are related to social class, race and gender and also to pedagogic practices (differing in power and control relations) and school science achievement in high level cognitive competencies. They are also related to children's cognitive level. The results show a strong relation between social class and specific coding orientation to problem solving. The relation is also strong for race and weaker for gender. Specific coding orientation is also strongly related to cognitive development and science achievement. These relations differ for the variables according to realisation and recognition rules and their various indices. The study shows the positive influence of pedagogic practice, which constitutes a crucial finding to pedagogic change.