长江中游河湖湿地系统演变与生态修复

长江流域拥有我国最为丰富和独特的生态系统及众多的野生动植物物种;而承东启西的长江中游是全流域湖泊最集中、支流最多的地区。受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,域内江、河、湖等湿地水文过程及江湖格局发生变化,湿地生态脆弱性加剧,生态系统稳定性受到破坏,湿地生态有退化的趋向,进而影响其生物群落、生态系统结构和功能,综合生态功能下降。同时由于围湖垦殖及湿地农业等方式对自然湿地的利用改造,长江中游构成了自然河湖与人工沟渠、农田镶嵌的复合湿地结构和景观,形成了复杂的自然—人工复合湿地生态系统。高强度开发背景下自然—人工湿地的互动演变机制,考虑不同退化特征的湿地恢复目标与修复路径及变化环境影响下的湿地综合保护策略是长江中游湿地相关研究中的关键问题。以此为基础,阐明气候变化和人类活动对长江中游湿地生态系统的影响,解析湿地退化动因、受损过程与差异性退化机制,提出长江中游湿地生态系统修复目标、路径及综合保护策略,对实现长江中游生态保护和长江经济带高质量绿色发展具有重要意义。     

长江中游通江湖泊洪泛湿地生态环境问题与研究展望

以鄱阳湖和洞庭湖为代表的长江中游通江湖泊是我国最重要的洪泛湿地湖群,其独特的水文条件繁衍了极其丰富的生物多样性。受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,通江湖泊与洪泛湿地生态系统正面临着一系列的生态环境问题和研究挑战。本文首先论述了通江湖泊与洪泛湿地系统的开放性与复杂性特征,其次系统梳理了长江中游通江湖泊洪泛湿地面临的水资源、水环境和水生态问题,最后针对性地提出了未来通江湖泊洪泛湿地生态—水安全需要重点关注生态水文相互作用机理及耦合机制、生物多样性保护、湖泊湿地碳源汇格局及其气候效应、江湖关系连通格局的优化调控以及湖泊湿地保护管理与流域绿色发展5个方面的重点领域和方向。论文对于揭示通江湖泊洪泛湿地生态系统功能演变过程及其驱动机制、维持湿地生态功能与生态安全具有一定的理论意义,也对我国正在积极推动“一带一路”和“长江经济带”等国家重大战略实施具有实践指导价值。     

新疆艾比湖湿地生态功能及其恢复的研究

艾比湖湿地的生态环境对调蓄洪水、调节气候、维护生物多样性等具有重要的作用。在收集和整理艾比湖湿地科学考察资料的基础上,分析了生态环境特点及其生态功能,对其生态恢复的重点和热点进行了探讨。     

吉林省西部湿地资源保护措施

吉林西部生态环境比较脆弱,土地沙化、盐碱化比较严重。湿地是遏制盐碱化及沙化的重要生态屏障。吉林省西部湿地分布广泛、类型多样。由予气候及人为作用,湿地萄积萎缩,湿地储水和调蓄洪水的能力下降,生态功能退化。为保障湿地生态功能,针对湿地不同类型,提出保护和修复措施。     

湖泊湿地利用与保护临界的经济学准则探讨

湖泊湿地资源开发利用与保护临界（简称“湿地临界”）的经济学准则是指湿地开发利用的边际净收益应不低于边际净损耗，也就是当生态损失发生特大变化，超出净收益，或者直接经济效益下降，小于净损耗时的湿地利用规模。其核心是生态服务功能之间的相容性分析及其效益的经济评估，即与开发利用功能相容的服务效益作为净收益的组成部分，与开发利用功能不相容或有条件相容的服务作为净损耗的组成部分。宝应湖围网养蟹的净收益包括围网养蟹、调节小气候和吸收二氧化碳的效益，净损耗包括供水、净化水质、调蓄洪水、生物多样性保育、科研教育、休闲娱乐的效益。经计算得到，宝应湖围网养殖的年净收益为37 304元/hm²，净损耗为16 222元/hm²，ΔE值为21 082元/hm²，因此认为，在目前的社会经济水平下，宝应湖围网养蟹的利用方式尚未超出湖泊湿地开发利用临界的经济学准则，仍具有一定的开发利用潜力。     

科学动态软

《鄱阳湖区对长江洪水调蓄功能与防灾综合治理对策研究》课题通过评审２００２年１０月１４日，科学技术部办公厅调研室组织对《鄱阳湖区对长江洪水调蓄功能与防灾综合治理对策研究》课题（项目编号：K９９－１０－０２）进行了会议评审。该课题由江西省国土开发整治研究所承担，中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陈述彭院士担任评审委员会主任。该课题的创新点一是提出天然鄱阳湖对长江洪水调蓄作用有限的观点；二是在国内首次定量分析鄱阳湖调蓄长江洪水降低湖口河段洪水的作用，求得鄱阳湖的调洪系数约０．２；三是对人工控制鄱阳湖的运行…     

’98 洪水对鄱阳湖区生态系统服务的影响研究

1998年长江流域性洪涝灾害驱使鄱阳湖区开始实施退田还湖工程,对湖区土地利用产生了重大的影响,进而影响了各项生态系统服务功能。本文对1998年流域性特大洪涝灾害对鄱阳湖区土地利用及生态系统服务功能的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明：在此次特大洪涝灾害的驱动下,鄱阳湖区土地利用结构产生了重大变化。其中,耕地面积减少了2.2%,为201.5km2,水域面积增加5.5%,为206.0km2。洪涝灾害发生后,研究区的生态系统服务功能整体提升了8.5%,其中湖泊面积的增加提高了湿地的水源涵养、洪水调蓄以及提供生物栖息地功能,湖泊对整体提升贡献率为92.4%;而水田、旱地等生态系统服务功能有所降低。湖区整体水源涵养、废物处理、生物多样性和娱乐文化功能分别提升了8.2%,6.6%,2.1%与6.5%,而食物生产和原材料生产功能分别降低了1.8%与0.4%。此外,对鄱阳湖洪水调蓄功能价值的计算表明,鄱阳湖区洪水调蓄功能也有所提升。     

退田还湖后鄱阳湖区洪水调蓄功能的多情景模拟

1998年以来退田还湖工程的实施,对鄱阳湖区洪水调蓄功能具有明显影响。本文利用高精度数字地形模型和防洪圩堤数据,基于GIS空间分析和水文模拟,对鄱阳湖区现状(2005年)和未来不同洪水情景下的洪水调蓄能力进行了模拟分析,分别计算了相应的蓄洪面积和容积。研究表明,2005年鄱阳湖洪水位曾一度超过双退圩堤进洪水位(18.50m),双退圩堤进洪后,湖泊面积实际扩大2385hm2,相应增加6907×104m3湖泊容积。为了研究退田还湖后鄱阳湖区未来洪水调蓄功能的可能变化,本文设置了20.50m、21.68m、22.59m三种洪水水位情景,分别对应万亩(666.67hm2)以下单退圩堤蓄洪、万亩以上单退圩堤蓄洪、1998年历史最高洪水位重现三种可能情景,对鄱阳湖区洪水调蓄功能的变化进行了模拟。研究表明:与2005年相比,三种洪水情景下,鄱阳湖区退田还湖后将分别增加蓄洪面积17325hm2,57198hm2和65573hm2,分别增加蓄洪容积71426×104m3,205545×104m3和349175×104m3,退田还湖工程可以有效缓解鄱阳湖区的防洪压力。     

基于多源数据融合的南四湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

随着对湿地生态系统研究的深入,湿地的生态服务价值越来越受到学者的重视。研究以南四湖湿地生态系统为例,通过遥感和地理信息系统软件处理高清影像解译生成的景观数据以及MODIS处理生成的NPP数据,运用市场价值法、碳税法与造林成本法、影子工程法、费用支出法、专家估算法、替代费用法以及生态价值等多种方法对南四湖湿地生态系统物质生产功能、大气调节功能、蓄水功能、调蓄洪水功能、休闲娱乐功能、文化科研功能、养分循环功能以及生物栖息地功能等服务功能价值进行估算。结果表明:①南四湖湿地服务功能价值总和为131亿元,其中调节功能价值最大,达到56.77亿元,其次是支持功能和文化功能,价值量为52.77亿元和15.07亿元,最后是物质生产功能价值为6.39亿元;②虽然人工湿地面积占研究区域总面积的59%以上,其生态服务功能价值总量还不到自然湿地的生态服务功能价值总量的一半。     

松嫩平原湿地生态系统扰动因子及其反馈

松嫩平原位于半湿润向半干旱过渡的生态脆弱带,分布着大面积的盐碱湿地.松嫩平原湿地生态系统在均化洪水、调节区域气候、净化水质、提供珍稀物种栖息地等方面发挥着重要作用.松嫩平原湿地的主要扰动因子有气候、火、工程、围垦、放牧、石油开发等自然与人为因子,在扰动因子综合作用下,松嫩平原湿地生态系统的结构与功能发生了明显变化.目前,松嫩平原湿地面积减少50%以上,湖、泡面积缩小到30%左右;湿地景观破碎严重,出现"孤岛化"现象;湿地生物多样性下降,土壤盐碱化加重;湿地水体大部分达到了污染程度,富营养化程度明显,湿地生态功能大大下降.对湿地生态系统扰动因子进行分析,掌握它们的作用过程和反馈机理,对湿地生态系统的保护、利用以及恢复重建具有重要的意义.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.