科学课教师培养的问题与对策建议

科学课是第八次基础教育课程改革新增设一门广域综合课程。科学课教师的培养作为一种新的探索,存在着专业设置的无序性、目标定位的宽泛性、课程设计的杂乱性以及组织运行的低效性等问题。解决上述问题需要政府、学团和高校多方联合,通过法律规制、专家引领和管理创新等措施协同进行。     

问题图式在物理问题解决教学中的应用

依据认知心理学研究中提出的问题图式及构成要素,阐述物理问题解决教学的目标、教学方案,并通过具体的教学实例呈现教学方案的实施。     

物理问题解决的影响因素研究

基于理论研究,笔者提出物理问题解决的影响因素假设模型,借助于"原始物理问题测验工具"和"原始物理问题解决影响因素问卷",对450名高中生进行了测试和问卷调查,采用AMOS4.01软件对数据进行结构方程模型分析,主要指标CFI和NNFI大于0.95,表示模型拟合得较好,RESEA小于0.08的拟合结果可以接受,从而验证了假设模型。结果表明,物理问题解决的影响因素包括:物理知识、物理方法、思维品质的深刻性、独创性、批判性和灵活性,这为问题解决的进一步研究提供了有益的启示。     

中职学生数学解题能力的培养

中职数学教学的首要任务是培养学生的解题能力.培养学生解题能力的策略包括:培养学生养成良好的审题习惯,探求可行的解题途径,合理运用数形结合思想、分类讨论思想、函数方程思想、代归与转化思想等寻找解题方法,注重解题后学生反思能力的培养.     

The Classroom Practice of a Prospective Secondary Biology Teacher and His Conceptions of the Nature of Science and of Teaching and Learning Science

We describe research carried out with a prospective secondary biology teacher, whom we shall call Miguel. The teacher’s conceptions of the nature of science and of learning and teaching science were analyzed and compared with his classroom practice when teaching science lessons. The data gathering procedures were interviews analyzed by means of cognitive maps and classroom observations. The results reflected Miguel’s relativist conceptions of the nature of science that were consistent with his constructivist orientation in learning and teaching. In the classroom, however, he followed a strategy of transmission of external knowledge based exclusively on teacher explanations, the students being regarded as mere passive receptors of that knowledge. Miguel’s classroom behavior was completely contrary to his conceptions, which were to reinforce the students’ alternative ideas through debate, and not by means of teacher explanation.     

幼儿科教活动中提问所存在的问题及解决策略

由于幼儿注意力容易分散,行动的目的性和预见性差,因此需要教师对幼儿教育要寓教于乐。提问是教师设疑、激趣的好方法,但是在科学教育活动中,教师的提问也有使用不当的时候,影响了幼儿学习的效果。探讨教师提问所存在的问题并提出有效的解决策略。     

How Partner Gender Influences Female Students’ Problem Solving in Physics Education

Research has shown that female students cannot profit as much as male students can from cooperative learning in physics, especially in mixed-gender dyads. This study has explored the influence of partner gender on female students’ learning achievement, interaction and the problem-solving process during cooperative learning. In Shanghai, a total of 50 students (26 females and 24 males), drawn from two classes of a high school, took part in the study. Students were randomly paired, and there were three research groups: mixed-gender dyads (MG), female–female dyads (FF) and male–male dyads (MM). Analysis of students’ pre- and post-test performances revealed that female students in the single-gender condition solved physics problems more effectively than did those in the mixed-gender condition, while the same was not the case for male students. We further explored the differences between female and male communication styles, and content among the three research groups. It showed that the females’ interaction content and problem-solving processes were more sensitive to partner gender than were those for males. This might explain why mixed-gender cooperation in physics disadvantages females in high schools.     

从“应用题”到“解决问题”——小学数学解决问题的教育价值与教学研究

从应用题到解决问题,这绝不仅是名称上的变化.弄清楚这其中变化的实质,有助于我们更好地继承应用题教学宝贵的、成功的经验,也有助于我们更好地开展解决问题的教学.该文立足于应用题和解决问题的内涵,探讨解决问题的教育价值,并结合当今小学数学教学实际,提出了解决问题的教学建议.     

“比例的性质”在物理解题中的运用

初中物理与数学关系密切,数学是解答物理问题的重要工具．教师有目的、有梯度地引导学生运用数学知识（如“比例的性质”）解答数学问题,对提高学生的思维能力及分析问题的能力大有好处．     

Ten Years of Teacher Workshops in an Environmental Problem-Solving Model: Teacher Implementation and Perceptions

Abstract

In this study, the authors focus on quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the training model for Investigating and Evaluating Environmental Issues and Actions (IEEIA). The authors examined (a) the relationship between IEEIA implementation rates and type of training; (b) workshop participants' perceptions of support for their use of IEEIA and the relationship between those perceptions and implementation; and (c) workshop participants' perceptions about the impact of the instructional approach on themselves, students, administrators, colleagues, parents, and the community. A direct-mailed questionnaire was used to collect data from 132 teachers who had participated in IEEIA training between 1990 and 1999. Interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 8 workshop participants. More than half of the teachers used the approach. Participants of extended or multiple trainings tended to use IEEIA more than their counterparts. Support after the workshop was important to implementation; IEEIA teachers perceived that it had positive impacts on themselves, students, and others.     

信息能力在解决信息社会问题中的功能

基于以“如何解决问题”分析信息社会“问题”难以解决的原因——不确定性高，阐述以“信息”来消除“不确定性”，正确判断和决策，解决问题。指出信息与不确定性、问题之间存在“钥匙与锁”的关系。着重论述解决问题的内涵．及信息能力在解决问题、实现信息价值的过程中起到的作用。     

例谈探究式解题课教学

阐述了解题课的基本功能,指出了目前中学数学教育中解题课存在的问题。通过对一道平面几何题的分析,讨论了解题课环节如何创设一系列探究式问题,引导学生从问题的条件出发通过特例、试错等方法猜测一般规律并找到解决问题的方法,反思是如何想到这样的方法的?进一步对解题方法的优劣进行评判。通过方法的探究过程培养学生的元认知以及提升学生对数学方法的价值与审美判断能力。     

构造法在数学解题中的应用

现代数学教育越来越重视对学生创造性思维能力的培养。而数学构造法是一种重要的创造性思维方法。文章从构造命题、函数、方程、恒等式、代数式、数、向量、几何模型、实物模型及“抽屉”等十个方面展示了构造法在数学解题中的应用。     

论中小学教师继续教育存在的问题及其对策

教师继续教育是教师专业化发展的重要内容,是提升教师队伍水平的重要手段。近年来,中小学教师继续教育工作取得了较大成绩,但在具体实施过程中,在继续教育制度、师资队伍、培训内容、保障措施等方面仍然存在着一些问题。借鉴发达国家和地区在教师继续教育方面的成功经验,从教师继续教育的制度建设、师资队伍、培训内容等方面考虑解决对策,以促进中小学教师继续教育的协调发展。     

数学解题策略的教学方法

在数学教学中,解题是最重要的活动形式之一。学生对数学概念的形成、数学命题的掌握、数学思维方法和技能技巧的获得以及学生智力的培养和发展,都必须通过解题教学来实现。     

Teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues in physics and chemistry: Teacher candidates' beliefs

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explain the origins of physics and chemistry teacher candidates' beliefs about teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues (SSI). This study utilized a series of in‐depth interviews, while the participants (n = 12) were enrolled in a 9‐month teacher education program at an urban university in Canada. Our data analysis revealed that beliefs about teaching physics and chemistry using SSI derive from a complex web of fundamental beliefs exemplified by four archetypes representing the subject‐specific identities of our teacher candidates—Model Scientist/Engineer, Model Individual, Model Teacher, and Model Citizen. Furthermore, we found that the justification for belief change required by a particular teacher candidate depends on these subject‐discipline identities. Thus, the presence of each archetype in preservice classrooms has ramifications for the way a teacher educator should encourage his or her students to include SSI in their teaching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 380–401, 2010     

问题解决教学理念在高等新闻摄影教学中的应用

新闻摄影教育改革是目前高等新闻教育改革的一个重要方面。技术的进步使得高等新闻摄影教育的教学内容与教学方法都必须做出相应的变化。在高等新闻摄影教学中引入问题解决的教学理念,不失为一种有效的教学法。     

Alternative Conceptions in Biology-Related Topics of Integrated Science Teachers and Implications for Teacher Education

This paper reports a study of the alternative conceptions held by junior secondary science teachers enrolled in an in-service teacher training program. The subjects completed a written instrument which probed their understanding of biological concepts in the integrated science curriculum. The subjects, particularly the nonbiology graduates, were found to show serious misunderstanding in concepts concerning diversity of life, photosynthesis and respiration, reproduction, and detecting the environment. This finding supports the assertion that our science teachers, being graduates in specific areas, are inadequately prepared to teach a broad and balanced junior science curriculum. To strengthen the subject matter knowledge and pedagogical skills of prospective and practicing junior science teachers, a number of provisions are suggested for teacher training programs, undergraduate science courses, and school-based activities.