透视非正式学习——基于非正式学习与正式学习对比的视角

在非正式学习的应用逐渐成为研究热点而理论研究相对薄弱的背景下,文章从非正式学习与正式学习对比的视角,对非正式学习的本质性问题进行了探讨。文章认为,实践性强是非正式学习的本质属性,非正式学习让学习成为一种生活方式并使终身学习成为可能。     

On Codes of Ethics,The Individual and Performance

In this paper I contend that, although codes of ethics are very good things and could potentially improve performance by acting as a normalising agent for a profession, they are not problem‐free. In particular, they lend themselves to reification (making something abstract into something concrete and thus, reduce the potential for their full impact), they are time dependent (that is, they are relevant only to the time in which they were formulated), subject to different lenses (that is, they are relevant only to the culture in which they were formulated), and emotionally challenged (that is, they are rarely formulated in a way that encompasses the emotions around the particular situation). An individual's role in a situation is hard to delineate via codes of ethics and, thus, these codes of ethics should be seen as a proposition, rather than as a solution for performance problems regarding ethical challenges.     

Bridging In-school and Out-of-school Learning: Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Education

The present paper thoroughly examines how one can effectively bridge in-school and out-of-school learning. The first part discusses the difficulty in defining out-of-school learning. It proposes to distinguish three types of learning: formal, informal, and non-formal. The second part raises the question of whether out-of-school learning should be dealt with in the in-school system, in view of the fact that we experience informal learning anyway as well as considering the disadvantages and difficulties teachers are confronted with when planning and carrying out scientific fieldtrips. The voices of the teachers, the students, and the non-formal institution staff are heard to provide insights into the problem. The third part discusses the cognitive and affective aspects of non-formal learning. The fourth part presents some models explaining scientific fieldtrip learning and based on those models, suggests a novel explanation. The fifth part offers some recommendations of how to bridge in and out-of-school learning. The paper closes with some practical ideas as to how one can bring the theory described in the paper into practice. It is hoped that this paper will provide educators with an insight so that they will be able to fully exploit the great potential that scientific field trips may offer. This paper appears as a chapter in: Eshach, H. (2006). Science Literacy in Primary Schools and Pre-Schools, Netherlands: Springer.     

Informal Learning and the Role of Social Movements

It is now widely recognised that skills and competences needed for working and living can be acquired in a variety of ways outside the framework of formal educational systems. The author calls for an enlarged view of learning that emphasises the abilities of the individual learner and includes informal acquisition of skills on-the-job. In this kind of learning the teacher has to acquire a different role, becoming more of a partner in a joint educational process. The author argues that in this regard we can learn much from the example of popular educational movements in Latin America, some of which have established successful collaboration with the world of employment. In these examples he sees indications of promising approaches for the future.     

Learning From Their Own Actions: The Unique Effect of Producing Actions on Infants' Action Understanding

Prior research suggests that infants' action production affects their action understanding, but little is known about the aspects of motor experience that render these effects. In Study 1, the relative contributions of self‐produced (n = 30) and observational (n = 30) action experience on 3‐month‐old infants' action understanding was assessed using a visual habituation paradigm. In Study 2, generalization of training to a new context was examined (n = 30). Results revealed a unique effect of active over observational experience. Furthermore, findings suggest that benefits of trained actions do not generalize broadly, at least following brief training.     

基于网络的反思和协作学习促进中国教师教学观念和行为的变化

结合中国教师教育的改革和教育技术的发展,本文分析了信息网络技术在教师教育中的运用及其效果。根据福建省高中化学教师尝试学习中英高校联合开发的教师教育在线课程的经验,从“学员导向”“知识导向”和“团队导向”三个角度论证了在线学习对教师的教与学观念和行为的影响,表明信息网络技术能够成功地应用于教师教育、有助于提升教师的教育观念和实践。     

Understanding and Changing Older Adults' Perceptions and Learning of Social Media

An exploratory study was conducted to answer the following questions: What are older adults' perceptions of social media? What educational strategies can facilitate their learning of social media? A thematic map was developed to illustrate changing perceptions from the initial unanimous, strong negative to the more positive but cautious and to the eventual willingness to actually contribute content. Privacy was the primary concern and key perceptual barrier to adoption. Effective educational strategies were developed to overcome privacy concerns, including: 1) introducing the concepts before introducing the functions; 2) responding to privacy concerns; and 3) making social media personally relevant.     

论教师专业发展:基于非正式学习的视角

"非正式学习"是相对正规学校教育和继续教育、岗位培训等非正规教育而言的,它广泛存在于人们的工作、生活、社交等活动之中。"非正式学习"使人获得很多能够立即应用于实践中去的知识和技能,因此,在教师的专业发展中发挥着十分重要的作用。     

Informal Learning with Technology: The Effects of Self-Constructing Externalizations

ABSTRACT

Especially in the context of technology-enhanced informal learning, it is crucial to understand how to design information sources in such a way that learners are not overwhelmed by the demands of the learning process, but at the same time are engaged in higher order thinking processes. Guidance aids learners in dealing with the demands of a learning process. The authors examined the effects of different levels of guidance provided by an information source. To this end, the effects of a preconstructed externalization are compared to a self-constructed externalization. Thirty-eight students participated in the study. The results revealed no significant differences between the groups with respect to posttest retention. However, performance in application tasks was promoted by the condition associated with a lower level of guidance. This suggests that having learners self-construct an externalization might be a suitable means to elicit learners’ higher order thinking processes in technology-enhanced informal learning.     

论西方悲剧文学的伦理特性和社会效用

文学艺术是一个高层次的精神现象,它不是一个空泛、混乱的词,它具有具体的内涵、表现和使用的方式。文学艺术真正的内涵就是,文学艺术的创造者应该具有伦理道德之心,从而使得文学艺术也能够具有伦理道德的特质,以及教诲读者的作用。伦理道德的特质就是悲剧意识,因为只有悲剧才能够在人们的内心深处唤起共鸣和警觉。因此,真正符合伦理的悲剧艺术必是能够超越国界、超越宗教、超越种族、超越时代、超越党派的作品,它必然会在时间的长河中慢慢地被广泛承认和接受;它也必然能够对广大读者起到必要的道德教诲作用。     

教育资助政策的伦理困境与价值实现

教育资助政策是教育公共政策的重要组成部分,涉及到大量的伦理问题.传统观念所建构的意义世界的解体,社会生活所呈现的主流价值的嬗变,导致当代中国教育资助政策陷入一种伦理困境,出现伦理精神式微甚至严重滑坡,并且面临着一系列新的挑战,人们有理由追问资助政策的伦理价值何在.与此同时,凸显教育资助政策伦理价值的任务也变得更加重大.围绕教育资助政策的伦理价值诉求,应从健全和完善政策体系,鼓励慈善捐赠,加强诚信、感恩和报偿教育,营造和谐氛围等方面开展工作,以促进教育资助政策的伦理价值实现.     

职场中非正式的、偶发学习的框架、特征与理论基础

在工作环境快速变化的知识经济时代,非正式的偶发学习已成为人类在职场中的核心学习形式.一般从与正式学习相比较的角度来定义非正式的偶发学习,它具有非计划性、非结构性、隐晦性、互动性等特征.默会学习、全人学习、实践共同体等理论能够为这类学习的合法性和价值提供辩护.     

学习压力对在职研究生学习倦怠的影响:社会支持的调节作用

以543名在职研究生为被试,采用问卷调查法,考察了在职研究生学习倦怠的现状以及社会支持与学习压力、学习倦怠之间的关系。结果发现:6.07%的研究生学习倦怠非常强烈;不同年龄、不同工龄、不同工作单位在职研究生学习倦怠存在显著差异;社会支持在学习压力与学习倦怠之间发挥调节作用。     

儒家伦理精神与社会主义公德建设

儒家伦理精神中有许多超越时代而又价值深厚的积极因素,其中特别突出地表现在道德理想主义、道德理性主义、道德群体主义等方面。儒家伦理精神凭借着其深厚的底蕴．成为当今中国社会主义道德理想、社会主义荣辱观、集体主义原则等社会主义公德建设加以借鉴的重要资源,为传统与现代之间构建指向未来的精神文化桥梁。     

基于社会性网络的协作学习研究——以人人网为例

人人网是国内最大的社会性网络之一,它为开展虚拟社区协作学习提供了良好的平台。文章在分析人人网相关特征及优势的基础上,探讨了以人人网为代表的社会性网络在虚拟社区协作学习中的具体应用并给出了成功案例,以期使我国学者能够了解人人网在支持虚拟社区协作学习方面的应用价值。     

论硕士生培养模式改革:非正式学习的视角

非正式学习是非结构化的、目的模糊的、情境性的、自主的学习方式,研究生的主要学习形态是非正式学习。从该角度来思考,硕士研究生的培养既要注重增强学生学习的自我效能感,传授给他们非正式学习的方法,培养他们自主学习的能力与习惯,还要促进他们情感与道德的发展,并注意构建学习共同体。     

论教练员的社会角色与职业道德

通过对教练员在社会中所扮演的角色进行分析，使之找准角色定位，清楚角色规范——职业道德，从而更好地去扮演自己的角色。     

Integrating a Facebook Group and a Course Website: The Effect on Participation and Perceptions on Learning

This study examined the effects of an instructor's use of video casting as a nonverbal emotional cue in synchronous discussion sessions on students' social presence, satisfaction, and learning achievement. A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of video casting in a synchronous virtual classroom. The research setting was a 100% online master's degree program within a university located in the midwestern United States. Thirty-three students participated in the experiment. The results showed a significant positive effect of the video casting on students' feeling of instructor copresence. No significant effect of video casting was found on either students' satisfaction or learning achievement.