Marxism in Vygotskian approaches to cultural studies of science education

In this paper we initially address the main categories of Marxism, illustrating how Vygotsky has appropriated them as mediational meta-theoretical tools for building concepts for his psychological approach. In order to investigate the influence of Marxism in cultural studies of science education, we make an account of how current research, sustained by Vygotsky’s original and successor theories, has been appropriating meta-theoretical categories of dialectical materialism. Once we identified Cultural Studies of Science Education as a journal that would probably concentrate papers that follow these perspectives, we decided to take it as the context of this study. In the process of selecting the corpus to be reviewed from the editions published from 2006 to 2011, we have found that 16 % of the articles that matched keywords denoting frameworks related to the Vygotskian tradition developed and appropriated the categories of dialectical materialism. The quality and originality of contemporary development of CHAT denote that this framework has been playing a very important role in recent expansion of Vygotskian approaches to research in science education. Among the papers that we considered to develop and appropriate Vygotskian frameworks, incompletion in the appropriation of meta-theoretical categories of dialectical materialism and the misusage of dialectics intertwined with dialogism were highlighted. Our findings suggest that overcoming these limitations can enhance political analysis of sociocultural phenomena in the context of science education. It also represents a strengthening of the role of dialectical materialism in expanding sociocultural perspectives toward a better articulation between individual and institutional-centered analyses.     

“斯大林主义”与东欧“人道主义化”的“新马克思主义”——读衣俊卿教授《人道主义批判理论—东欧新马克思主义述评》

作者在精读了衣俊卿教授的《人道主义批判理论—东欧新马克思主义述评》后,从如下方面讨论了斯大林主义与东欧人道主义化的新马克思主义的关系:(1)“斯大林化”时代“斯大林主义”的“要害”和“恶果”;(2)斯大林的“国家社会主义”的“全面异化”与东欧新马克思主义对之的“人道主义批判”;(3)东欧新马克思主义的马克思哲学观:马克思哲学是以“实践”为基础的“人道主义哲学”,绝非“辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义”;(4)“回到青年马克思”,为实现“国际人道主义”和“自由人联合体”社会而奋斗。     

Features of an Emerging Practice and Professional Development in a Science Teacher Team Collaboration with a Researcher Team

This study concerns teaching and learning development in science through collaboration between science teachers and researchers. At the core was the ambition to integrate research outcomes of science education—here ‘didactic models’—with teaching practice, aligned with professional development. The phase where the collaboration moves from initial establishment towards a stable practice is investigated. The study aims to identifying features of formation and exploring consequences for the character of contact between research and teaching. Specific questions are “What may be identified as actions and arrangements impacting the quality and continuation of the emerging practice?” and “What and in what ways may support teacher growth?” The analysis draws on practice architectures as a theoretical framework and specifically investigates the initial meetings as a practice-node for a new practice, empirically drawing on documented reflections on science teaching, primarily from meetings and communication. The results take the form of an analytical-narrative account of meetings that focused planning, enactment and reflection on teaching regarding the human body. We identify enabling actions such as collaborative work with concrete material from the classroom and arrangements such as the regular meetings and that the collaborative group had a core of shared competence—in science teaching and learning. Constraining were actions such as introducing research results with weak connection to practical action in the school practice and arrangements such as differences between school and university practice architectures and the general ‘oppression’ of teachers’ classroom practice. The discussion includes reflections on researchers’ roles and on a research and practice base for school development.     

《钱学森书信》中的哲学思想

钱学森是享誉世界的科学家,同时也是一位杰出的马克思主义哲学家。在《钱学森书信》中,无论是对现代科学技术体系、系统科学、思维科学还是对行为科学、人体科学、地理科学等领域的研究,钱学森无不贯穿着马克思主义哲学思想。可以说,《钱学森书信》的焦点和制高点正是马克思主义哲学思想即辩证唯物主义。学习和研究《钱学森书信》中的哲学思想可以为我们今后的科学研究和社会实践提供坚实的指导思想和方法论。     

构建马克思主义国际关系理论体系的若干思考

马克思主义国际关系理论体系是解放全人类的价值追求、唯物主义历史观和辩证唯物主义实践观三个基本要素的统一体,是以全人类的解放为最终目标,运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义世界观和方法论研究国际关系,阐述和揭示国际关系现状和发展规律的学说.构建马克思主义国际关系理论体系必须以现代民族国家为基本分析单位,才能体现马克思主义国际关系理论体系的历史起点与逻辑起点的统一;必须坚持辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义的研究方法,依据全球化进程中的国际社会基本矛盾运动揭示当代国际关系发展的规律和趋势.     

论数学教学中渗透德育的五个层面

数学教学中的德育．在理论上以前主要局限于三个方面：通过数学史培养爱国主义精神，通过数学内容培养辩证唯物主义世界观；通过数学演练形成良好的个性品质。在实践中也存在许多认识上的误区。在新世纪．数学教学中的德育必须拓展新视野、充实新内涵．注重五个层面：爱国主义教育．马克思主义哲学观教育．现代公民道德教育．科学精神教育和数学美学教育。     

Science education — I: The spirit of science

In these two essays we explore the questions: what are the essential features of a workable context for science education? What are the givens, the “of courses,” the “fundamental dispositions” toward science and toward education necessary — or at least sufficient — to provide a fertile ground upon which a functional approach to science education can be established? In the present essay it is argued first that science education must reflect that science is a way of thinking — in fact, more comprehensively, a way of being; and second, and that the fundamentally antiauthoritarian spirit of science must be reconciled with education, with its built-in tendency to be authoritarian.     

熔儒家与马克思主义于一炉——论黄济先生教育哲学思想的核心特征

黄济先生（1921-2015）是1978年来以来中国教育哲学重建和发展时期的重要开拓者、引领者。黄济先生教育哲学的核心特征在于熔儒家思想和马克思主义于一炉,体现在他众多的哲学论述当中。价值立场上,黄济先生继承儒家研究人之为人以及人与人关系的传统,探索“人的解放”问题;他又秉持历史唯物主义方法论,把人置于社会现实中去,强调人的解放所需的社会条件。思维方式上,黄济先生走入历史、重视经验,坚持儒家的中庸之道,希望从各种极端的、对立的思想主张中,寻求一条新路;而马克思主义的辩证唯物论给黄济先生以批判改造各种偏面思想认识的方法原则,以实事求是的态度和方法从历史经验中生发智慧,与时俱进。总体上,在黄济先生教育哲学思想中,儒家进取、务实、包容的品格与马克思主义的科学性、实践性和批判性交相辉映,二者共同形成黄济先生教育哲学论述的思想风格和理论特质。     

对马克思主义哲学的理解方式的反思——《关于马克思和费尔巴哈关系的两个事实》一文的推论

哲学界存在着对马克思主义哲学的各式各样的理解。《关于马克思和费尔巴哈关系的两个事实》一文所揭示的长期被我们忽视的两个事实具有颠覆性意义,我们据此可以明确推论:马克思主义哲学不是传统的人道主义,不是超越论,也不是传统理解的辩证唯物主义;马克思的哲学革命不是辩证法和唯物主义的简单结合,而是对费尔巴哈的辩证唯物主义的继承和超越,是以实践为核心的新唯物主义。我们要正确理解马克思,必须遵循理解马克思的前提和相关原则。     

马克思主义的民生理论与实践研究论纲

民生问题是一个价值关系范畴和社会历史范畴。研究马克思主义民生理论与实践具有重要的学术理论价值和实践价值。对马克思主义民生理论的研究,可从本体论、认识论、方法论、价值论等视角切入;对马克思主义民生实践的研究,可从历史和问题两个视角切入;对马克思主义民生理论与实践的研究,可在辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义总的方法论原则指导下,采用问题分析、价值分析、系统分析、矛盾分析、比较分析等具体方法进行。     

巴赫金的马克思主义语言观

一般认为，在哲学思想来源上，马克思主义对于苏联著名的思想家、文艺批评家、语言学家和哲学家巴赫金的影响并不十分明显，他的《马克思主义和语言哲学》这本书用马克思主义充当标题，仅是因为当时苏联的政治环境使然。其实不然，巴赫金在论述语言问题时，尤其是在对以往的研究进行哲学上的梳理与批判时，成功地运用了马克思主义的唯物论、实践论以及辩证法，深刻揭示了话语主体之间的对话性辨证关系。在采种意义上应该认为这是对马克思主义的一种发展。     

Assessing equity beyond knowledge‐ and skills‐based outcomes: A comparative ethnography of two fourth‐grade reform‐based science classrooms

When evaluating equity, researchers often look at the “achievement gap.” Privileging knowledge and skills as primary outcomes of science education misses other, more subtle, but critical, outcomes indexing inequitable science education. In this comparative ethnography, we examined what it meant to “be scientific” in two fourth‐grade classes taught by teachers similarly committed to reform‐based science (RBS) practices in the service of equity. In both classrooms, students developed similar levels of scientific understanding and expressed positive attitudes about learning science. However, in one classroom, a group of African American and Latina girls expressed outright disaffiliation with promoted meanings of “smart science person” (“They are the science people. We aren't like them”), despite the fact that most of them knew the science equally well or, in one case, better than, their classmates. To make sense of these findings, we examine the normative practice of “sharing scientific ideas” in each classroom, a comparison that provided a robust account of the differently accessible meanings of scientific knowledge, scientific investigation, and scientific person in each setting. The findings illustrate that research with equity aims demands attention to culture (everyday classroom practices that promote particular meanings of “science”) and normative identities (culturally produced meanings of “science person” and the accessibility of those meanings). The study: (1) encourages researchers to question taken‐for‐granted assumptions and complexities of RBS and (2) demonstrates to practitioners that enacting what might look like RBS and producing students who know and can do science are but pieces of what it takes to achieve equitable science education. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 459–485, 2011     

马克思主义中国化中的贯通与超越

马克思主义中国化既是近代以来中国社会发展的选择,又是它与中国文化相贯通的过程。在这其中,辨证唯物论与传统辩证思维的贯通,消除了教条主义的影响,使马克思主义体现出了中国风格和中国气派;社会主义目标与中国革命道路的贯通,形成了新民主主义理论,实现了对大同乌托邦的超越;现代社会主义与中国现代化发展的贯通,提出了中国特色社会主义理论,超越了理性至上论,推进了中国化马克思主义的深入发展。     

A study of practical‐moral knowledge in science teaching: Case studies in physical science classrooms

This study further extends a conceptual framework that explores science teaching as a “practice” not reducible to the application of formal knowledge, but as informed by teachers' practical‐moral knowledge. A hermeneutic model was developed to examine practical‐moral knowledge indirectly by investigating teachers' commitments, interpretations, actions, and dialectic interactions between them. The study also aimed to analyze teachers' actions in terms of their interpretations and commitments as they realize “internal goods” of their practice. Ethnographic case studies of three science teachers were conducted through classroom observation, in‐depth interviews and dialogues, and artifact analysis. A commitment of preparing students for national exams was common to the three teachers but was manifested differently in classroom practices. This commitment originated from interpretations about the duty of “good” teachers not letting students and schools down. Other emergent commitments were commitments: to conceptual understandings, to “challenge” learners, and to social modeling. We present each with associated interpretations and actions. The concepts of practical wisdom (phronesis) and gap closing are used to characterize teachers' practical knowledge and its development respectively. Implications for teacher education are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 929–951, 2010     

Problems with Feminist Standpoint Theory in Science Education

Feminist standpoint theory has important implications for science education. The paper focuses on difficulties in standpoint theory, mostly regarding the assumptions that different social positions produce different types of knowledge, and that epistemic advantages that women might enjoy are always effective and significant. I conclude that the difficulties in standpoint theory render it too problematic to accept. Various implications for science education are indicated: we should return to the kind of science education that instructs students to examine whether arguments, experiments, etc. are successful, rather than ask who presented them; when considering researchers and students for science education programs we should examine their scholarly achievements, rather than the group to which they belong; women should not be discouraged from engaging in “mainstream” science research and education (or other spheres of knowledge considered as “men’s topics”) and men should not be discouraged from engaging in what are considered “women’s topics” in science (or outside it); we should not assume that there are different types of science for women and for men, nor different ways for women and men to study science or conduct scientific research.     

《小逻辑》与文学研究

《小逻辑》是黑格尔唯心主义最少 ,唯物主义最多的一部哲学著作。它论述的是由感性的反映物质世界 ,发展为由知性反映有中介性在关系中的客观现实世界 ,最后发展到理性的辩证的上升到主观与客观、理论与实践、有限与无限得到统一的全体的绝对理念。从历史的和逻辑的进程的一致来看 ,黑格尔逻辑学的总结和概要、最高成就和实质 ,就是辩证的方法。本文将黑格尔“思想与现实一致和转换”的辩证方法 ,运用于文学实践的个别理论研究之中———文学的形式和文学的研究方法 ,力图在理论研究层面 ,能上升到哲学的理性高度。     

课程思政融入“大学物理”课程探索与实践——以“动能定理”教学为例

目前,课程思政建设已经在全国所有高校、所有学科专业全面推进。如何才能切实有效地将"课程思政"落实到教学过程之中,已成为每一名高校教师必须思考的重要课题。以"大学物理"课程中"动能定理"的教学为例,采用PBL教学法和思维导图教学法,将科学精神、爱国主义教育、人生哲理、辩证唯物主义世界观等思政元素融入"大学物理"课程教学之中,对课程思政教学的设计进行了初步的探索与实践,为"大学物理"课程更好地开展思政教育提供参考。     

布哈林平衡论的哲学思想研究(下)

"平衡论"是布哈林的代表性理论之一。它包含有丰富的哲学思想,对马克思主义哲学,尤其是历史唯物主义作出了重大的贡献。然而,自20世纪20年代末布哈林在政治上遭到不幸之后,这一理论一直受到批判。这是不公正的。尽管布哈林的平衡论有这样那样的缺点,但其总体上是符合辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本原理的,是马克思主义的理论。前苏联70多年的社会主义实践以及我国社会主义初级阶段的理论和实践都证明了布哈林的平衡论基本上是正确的。随着社会主义改革和建设的不断发展,我们将可以看到,布哈林的平衡论,尤其是平衡论中的历史唯物主义思想会有更大的生命力,会发出更大的光彩。     

Science for All: Engaging Students with Special Needs in and About Science

The notion of “science for all” suggests that all students—irrespective of achievement and ability—should engage in opportunities to understand the practice and discourse of science. Improving scientific literacy is an intrinsic goal of science education, yet current instructional practices may not effectively support all students, in particular, students with special needs. Argument‐based inquiry approaches, such as the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH), require all students to construct their scientific understandings by engaging in investigations and negotiating their ideas in multiple contexts, such as discussions and writing. Various SWH studies demonstrated that students engaged in appropriating the language, culture, practice, and dispositions of science generally improved their critical thinking and standardized test scores. The implementation of such an approach has several implications for science and special education research and practice, including how learning environments should be established to encourage the inclusion of all students’ ideas, as well as how scaffolded supports can and should be used to support science learning.     

布哈林平衡论的哲学思想研究(中)

"平衡论"是布哈林的代表性理论之一。它包含有丰富的哲学思想,对马克思主义哲学,尤其是历史唯物主义作出了重大的贡献。然而,自20世纪20年代末布哈林在政治上遭到不幸之后,这一理论一直受到批判。这是不公正的。尽管布哈林的平衡论有这样那样的缺点,但其总体上是符合辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本原理的,是马克思主义的理论。前苏联70多年的社会主义实践以及我国社会主义初级阶段的理论和实践都证明了布哈林的平衡论基本上是正确的。随着社会主义改革和建设的不断发展,我们将可以看到,布哈林的平衡论,尤其是平衡论中的历史唯物主义思想会有更大的生命力,会发出更大的光彩。