城市间产学研合作创新与知识辐射距离的科学计量探析

基于我国国家知识产权局1997—2011年的授权发明专利数据,运用科学计量方法,分析探讨了我国城市间产学研合作创新的基本特征,并对城市间产学研合作专利的知识辐射距离、知识流动方向及其演化趋势进行了比较研究。结果表明,我国城市间产学研合作专利数量整体保持增长趋势,但随着城市间地理距离的增长,产学研合作专利数量出现先增后减的现象。受科教资源和经济资源地理分布不平衡的影响,各城市在产学研合作创新网络中分别担当了知识流入方、知识流出方以及知识流入与流出双向互动的节点作用。此外,城市间产学研合作专利的地理空间分布与知识辐射距离也存在较大的行业差异。     

浙江省企业融入长三角产学研合作网络演化研究——基于联合申请专利视角

长三角地区一体化发展是国家战略。研究长三角产学研合作创新网络对促进浙江省高质量发展意义重大。本文基于大为（Innojoy）专利数据库中1990—2019年浙江省企业与沪、苏和皖三省高校或科研机构联合申请专利数据,采用社会网络分析法,绘制合作创新网络图谱,探索浙江省企业与长三角其他地区高校和科研机构产学研创新合作网络结构及空间演化特征。研究发现,浙江企业与长三角高校和科研机构合作创新网络规模不断扩大,网络密度不断降低,网络整体出现小世界性特征以及“多核心”结构发展特征;浙江省企业合作对象区域路径由早期合作以上海为主,逐步发展到覆盖长三角地区;网络的核心节点以高校为主,创新活跃度较高的企业节点由早期的传统企业向高新企业转变,早期进入合作网络的浙江企业节点对其产业竞争力提升作用显著;随着网络扩张,地理距离不再是影响网络创新主体合作的主要因素,知识扩散由接触扩散向等级扩散转化,空间结构呈现异质性特征且圈层结构明显。     

直辖市“双一流”高校专利合作与知识流动研究

考察我国直辖市"双一流"高校的专利合作网络演化,为提升直辖市的科技创新合作效率,提升科技创新能力和城市创新综合竞争力,为技术创新主体选择技术合作伙伴、探究地区间、高校间知识流动提供经验、启示。本文运用合作强度Salton指数、专利引用、绝对合作频次等,以Patentics和国家知识产权局专利数据库为工具,获取直辖市"双一流"高校合作专利数据,构建高校间的专利合作矩阵,采用合作网络可视化分析,梳理直辖市"双一流"高校专利合作网络,揭示网络环境下高校科技创新和知识流动的特征及趋势,给出提升高校专利合作的建议。结果表明:直辖市"双一流"高校校际专利合作的强同城倾向,清华大学、北京大学、复旦大学是京沪两地的专利合作核心高校。清华大学、上海交通大学、天津大学专利申请量居前三,清华大学、上海交通大学的专利被引量居前,清华大学、上海交通大学、天津大学为专利合作的核心高校,对知识流动影响深刻。不足之处在于专利只能部分反映高校间的技术创新合作,合作申请只是技术合作的一部分,还包括科技论文合作和成果转化。     

不同模式科技型中小企业专利合作网络构建及影响因素研究

专利合作网络已成为科技型中小企业突破创新资源匮乏的重要手段。由于科技型中小企业与多元创新主体间的专利合作关系逐渐向以社会网络为载体的关系邻近性转型,对科技型中小企业专利合作网络的模式特征及其影响因素的研究就成为管理开发专利合作网络资源促进企业创新绩效提升的关键。研究选取ICT产业和制药产业在中小板和创业板上市的591家科技型中小企业为研究对象,分析有效授权合作专利数5169项,构建了探索型和利用型等不同模式的科技型中小企业专利合作网络,深入分析地理接近性、社会接近性、技术接近性对不同模式专利合作网络的合作创新程度影响及差异,为科技型中小企业依托专利合作网络获取创新资源和提升创新能力提供突破路径。     

基于熵权-fsQCA法的双一流高校科技创新提升研究

本文基于39所“双一流”高校数据,采用模糊集定性比较分析法探讨高校科技创新能力的提升路径。首先利用熵权法对数据进行预处理,从而确定各高校科技创新能力的综合得分,其次采用模糊集定性比较分析法,以各高校科技创新能力综合得分为结果变量,选取研究与发展人员、科研经费、专利申请、学术论文、专利授权、成果授奖数、成果转让收入7个条件变量,研究影响“双一流”高校高水平科技创新能力的组合路径。研究结果表明：研究与发展人员、科研经费、学术论文、专利授权、成果授奖数和成果转让收入是提升高校科技创新能力的核心前因条件,同时根据不同的条件组态归纳出提升高校科技创新能力的三种路径以及阻碍高校科技创新能力的三种路径,最后结合科技创新能力组合路径为高校科技创新发展提出合理建议。     

地理接近性对高校技术创新合作及创新绩效的影响

本文基于1985—2010年国内高校合作研发的专利数据,研究了地理接近性对我国高校技术创新合作关系形成及合作创新绩效的影响.研究发现,在控制了创新所属时段、发明者数、创新所属领域、创新技术数所产生的影响之后,研究型和专业型高校合作与专业型和专业型的高校合作相比,地理接近性对其有显著的阻碍作用.然而,在高校技术创新合作绩效方面,地理接近性却对我国高校技术创新合作创新复杂程度和创新产出质量存在正向显著影响.研究结论揭示了地理接近性对我国高校不同类型技术创新合作关系形成以及科研合作创新绩效的作用规律,为促进高校合作、提升合作创新绩效提供了启示.     

邻近视角下跨区域产学协同创新的影响因素研究

基于2001-2018年中国31个省间共同申请并授权的发明专利数据,利用固定效应负二项式模型探讨经济、制度、地理和认知4种邻近性及其交互关系对跨区域产学协同创新的影响机制.实证结果表明,我国的区域间产学协同创新遵循着"核心-边缘"结构,发达地区与欠发达地区的合作仍是跨区域产学协同创新的主导,经济距离促进协同创新绩效;地理距离依然是阻碍协同创新的重要因素之一;与以往研究中的线性关系不同,制度距离与区域间协同创新呈倒U型关系;认知邻近显著正向促进跨区域协同创新,在多维邻近下起着最重要的作用.     

我国高校校企专利技术转移网络特征与演化研究——以川渝双一流建设高校为例

[目的 /意义]为了提升川渝高校一流学科建设水平,促进高校科技成果转化,助力川渝双城经济圈建设。[方法 /过程]运用Python、社会网络分析方法和工具、专利计量方法等对川渝双一流建设高校近十年专利技术转移数据进行分析,从校企专利技术转移度数演化、IPC技术领域、专利转化的企业所在地等维度进行分析。[结果 /结论 ]川渝双一流建设高校中,重庆大学专利技术转移到不同企业的数量上占据优势;成果转化激励政策一定程度促进了高校专利技术转移;专利技术转移高校IPC技术领域与高校一流学科关系密切。川渝双一流建设高校专利成果主要服务西部川渝经济区域;其次服务于长三角、珠三角、环渤海经济区域。经济区域分布首先是受到地域的影响;其次,高校与企业、地方政府等签订了产学研协议或建立了不同模式的成果转化平台影响了专利技术转移的区域分布;最后,校企合作研发也会影响专利技术转移的区域分布。本文从高校和企业视角提出专利技术转移建议。     

标准合作与区域经济一体化的空间关联：长三角的实证

标准是重要的软联通形式。立足标准合作实现城市间联动，是促进区域内经济一体化的重要路径。以长三角27个城市为研究对象，基于联合制定标准数量和经济联系强度数据，运用社会网络分析方法，构建了2016—2020年标准合作网络和经济一体化网络，揭示其空间结构的演化特征及城市角色的演变规律，并运用二次指派程序（QAP）和格兰杰因果检验方法，探讨长三角区域内两者空间协同演进关系。结果表明：长三角城市群的标准合作和经济联系拥有大致相同的空间分布特征，城市间地理区隔被突破，大范围共享融合得以实现，但经济一体化领先于标准合作；长三角城市群呈现出空间分异状态，网络东密西疏，中心城市以自身优势展示出较强的辐射溢出能力，核心—边缘结构显著。QAP检验显示空间中标准合作和区域经济一体化之间存在正相关性，格兰杰检验进一步验证两者彼此促进，互为因果。研究发现验证了标准合作和区域经济一体化的互促关系，拓展了标准治理研究，也启发政策层面以标准合作牵引区域经济协调发展的可行性。     

基于社会网络分析的江苏省高校产学研专利合作研究

以江苏省11所“211”高校为研究对象,运用社会网络分析法绘制了“211”高校与企业以及其他高校之间的产学研专利合作网络,并重点探讨了校企合作的技术领域和地理距离。以东南大学为例分析了1985-2011年期间4个不同阶段专利合作网络结构的演化路径。研究表明,目前高校专利合作模式主要以亲缘型合作为主、以地缘型合作和业缘型合作为辅,将来会形成“一体两翼”的专利合作模式。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.