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1.
Bjørn K. Myskja 《Ethics and Information Technology》2008,10(4):213-220
Trust can be understood as a precondition for a well-functioning society or as a way to handle complexities of living in a
risk society, but also as a fundamental aspect of human morality. Interactions on the Internet pose some new challenges to
issues of trust, especially connected to disembodiedness. Mistrust may be an important obstacle to Internet use, which is
problematic as the Internet becomes a significant arena for political, social and commercial activities necessary for full
participation in a liberal democracy. The Categorical Imperative lifts up trust as a fundamental component of human ethical virtues – first of all, because deception and coercion, the antitheses of trust,
cannot be universalized. Mistrust is, according to Kant, a natural component of human nature, as we are social beings dependent
on recognition by others but also prone to deceiving others. Only in true friendships can this tendency be overcome and give
room for unconditional trust. Still we can argue that Kant must hold that trustworthy behaviour as well as trust in others
is obligatory, as expressions of respect for humanity. The Kantian approach integrates political and ethical aspects of trust, showing that protecting the external
activities of citizens is required in order to act morally. This means that security measures, combined with specific regulations
are important preconditions for building online trust, providing an environment enabling people to act morally and for trust-based
relationships. 相似文献
2.
Wikipedia is known as a free online encyclopedia. Wikipedia uses largely transparent writing and editing processes, which
aim at providing the user with quality information through a democratic collaborative system. However, one aspect of these
processes is not transparent—the identity of contributors, editors, and administrators. We argue that this particular lack
of transparency jeopardizes the validity of the information being produced by Wikipedia. We analyze the social and ethical
consequences of this lack of transparency in Wikipedia for all users, but especially students; we assess the corporate social
performance issues involved, and we propose courses of action to compensate for the potential problems. We show that Wikipedia
has the appearance, but not the reality, of responsible, transparent information production.
This paper’s authors are the same as those who authored Wood, D. J. and Queiroz, A. 2008. Information versus. knowledge: Transparency
and social responsibility issues for Wikipedia. In Antonino Vaccaro, Hugo Horta, and Peter Madsen (Eds.), Transparency, Information,
and Communication Technology (pp. 261–283). Charlottesville, VA: Philosophy Documentation Center.
Adele has changed her surname from Queiroz to Santana 相似文献
3.
Shannon Vallor 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(3):185-199
The widespread and growing use of new social media, especially social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, invites sustained ethical reflection on emerging forms of online friendship. Social scientists and psychologists are gathering a wealth of empirical data on these trends, yet philosophical analysis of their ethical implications remains comparatively impoverished. In particular, there have been few attempts to explore how traditional ethical theories might be brought to bear upon these developments, or what insights they might offer, if any. In attempting to address this lacuna in applied ethical research, this paper investigates the ethical significance of online friendship by means of an Aristotelian theory of the good life, which holds that human flourishing is chiefly realized through ??complete?? friendships of virtue. Here, four key dimensions of ??virtue friendship?? are examined in relation to online social media: reciprocity, empathy, self-knowledge and the shared life. Online social media support and strengthen friendship in ways that mirror these four dimensions, particularly when used to supplement rather than substitute for face-to-face interactions. However, deeper reflection on the meaning of the shared life (suzên) for Aristotle raises important and troubling questions about the capacity of online social media to support complete friendships of virtue in the contemporary world, along with significant concerns about the enduring relevance of this Aristotelian ideal for the good life in the 21st century. 相似文献
4.
The paper investigates the ethics of information transparency (henceforth transparency). It argues that transparency is not
an ethical principle in itself but a pro-ethical condition for enabling or impairing other ethical practices or principles.
A new definition of transparency is offered in order to take into account the dynamics of information production and the differences
between data and information. It is then argued that the proposed definition provides a better understanding of what sort
of information should be disclosed and what sort of information should be used in order to implement and make effective the
ethical practices and principles to which an organisation is committed. The concepts of “heterogeneous organisation” and “autonomous
computational artefact” are further defined in order to clarify the ethical implications of the technology used in implementing
information transparency. It is argued that explicit ethical designs, which describe how ethical principles are embedded into
the practice of software design, would represent valuable information that could be disclosed by organisations in order to
support their ethical standing. 相似文献
5.
In this paper we discuss the social and ethical issues that arise as a result of digitization based on six dominant technologies: Internet of Things, robotics, biometrics, persuasive technology, virtual & augmented reality, and digital platforms. We highlight the many developments in the digitizing society that appear to be at odds with six recurring themes revealing from our analysis of the scientific literature on the dominant technologies: privacy, autonomy, security, human dignity, justice, and balance of power. This study shows that the new wave of digitization is putting pressure on these public values. In order to effectively shape the digital society in a socially and ethically responsible way, stakeholders need to have a clear understanding of what such issues might be. Supervision has been developed the most in the areas of privacy and data protection. For other ethical issues concerning digitization such as discrimination, autonomy, human dignity and unequal balance of power, the supervision is not as well organized. 相似文献
6.
Kenneth Einar Himma 《Ethics and Information Technology》2007,9(4):259-272
The amount of content, both on and offline, to which people in reasonably affluent nations have access has increased to the
point that it has raised concerns that we are now suffering from a harmful condition of ‹information overload.’ Although the
phrase is being used more frequently, the concept is not yet well understood – beyond expressing the rather basic idea of
having access to more information than is good for us. This essay attempts to provide a philosophical explication of the concept
of information overload and is therefore what philosophers call ‹conceptual analysis’ – a task that, along with normative
ethical analysis, is distinctive to Anglo-American style analytic philosophy. I will begin with an analysis of the atomic
concepts expressed by the terms ‹information’ and ‹overload’ and then attempt to give a philosophical explanation of the concept
of information overload that more precisely identifies exactly what the condition amounts to. 相似文献
7.
This paper focuses on the role of punishment as a critical social mechanism for cheating prevention in MMORPGs. The role of
punishment is empirically investigated in a case study of the MMORPG Tibia (Cipsoft 1997–2011) () and by focusing on the use of bots to cheat. We describe the failure of punishment in Tibia, which is perceived by players
as one of the elements facilitating the proliferation of bots. In this process some players act as a moral enterprising group
contributing to the reform of the game rules and in particular to the reform of the Tibia punishment system by the game company.
In the conclusion we consider the ethical issues raised by our findings and we propose some general reflections on the role
of punishment and social mechanisms for the governance of online worlds more generally. 相似文献
8.
This study extended the scope of previous findings in human–computer interaction research within the computers are social
actors paradigm by showing that online users attribute perceptions of moral qualities to Websites and, further, that differential
perceptions of morality affected the extent of persuasion. In an experiment (N = 138) that manipulated four morality conditions (universalist, relativist, egotistic, control) across worldview, a measured
independent variable, users were asked to evaluate a Web site designed to aid them in making ethical decisions. Web sites
offered four different types of ethical advice as participants contemplated cases involving ethical quandaries. Perceptions
of the Web sites’ moral qualities varied depending on the type of advice given. Further, the Web sites’ perceived morality
and participants’ worldview predicted credibility, persuasiveness, and attitudes toward the Web sites. 相似文献
9.
Maintaining the reversibility of foldings: Making the ethics (politics) of information technology visible 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lucas D. Introna 《Ethics and Information Technology》2007,9(1):11-25
This paper will address the question of the morality of technology. I believe this is an important question for our contemporary
society in which technology, especially information technology, is increasingly becoming the default mode of social ordering.
I want to suggest that the conventional manner of conceptualising the morality of technology is inadequate – even dangerous.
The conventional view of technology is that technology represents technical means to achieve social ends. Thus, the moral
problem of technology, from this perspective, is the way in which the given technical means are applied to particular (good
or bad) social ends. In opposition to this I want to suggest that the assumed separation, of this approach, between technical
means and social ends are inappropriate. It only serves to hide the most important political and ethical dimensions of technology.
I want to suggest that the morality of technology is much more embedded and implicit than such a view would suggest. In order
to critique this approach I will draw on phenomenology and the more recent work of Bruno Latour. With these intellectual resources
in mind I will propose disclosive ethics as a way to make the morality of technology visible. I will give a brief account
of this approach and show how it might guide our␣understanding of the ethics and politics of technology by considering two
examples of contemporary information technology: search engines and plagiarism detection systems. 相似文献
10.
In this study, a 20-item questionnaire was used to elicit undergraduates’ (N = 93) ethical judgment and behavioral intention regarding a number of behaviors involving computers and internet usage. Machiavellianism
was found to be uncorrelated with both ethical judgment and behavioral intention. Gender was found to be negatively correlated
with both ethical judgment and behavioral intention, such that females judged the behaviors as being less ethical than males,
and were less likely to engage in the behaviors than males. A disconnect was found between ethical judgment and behavioral
intention, for both males and females, such that the ethical judgment mean for a number of issues was significantly lower
(towards the “unethical” end of the continuum) than the behavioral intention mean (towards the “more likely to engage in”
end of the continuum). The study raises questions regarding ethical awareness of technology-related issues, and the authors
make suggestions for future research. 相似文献
11.
Justine Johnstone 《Ethics and Information Technology》2007,9(1):73-87
12.
Terrell Ward Bynum 《Ethics and Information Technology》2006,8(4):157-173
This essay describes a new ethical theory that has begun to coalesce from the works of several scholars in the international computer ethics community. I call the new theory ‚Flourishing Ethics’ because of its Aristotelian roots, though it also includes ideas suggestive of Taoism and Buddhism. In spite of its roots in ancient ethical theories, Flourishing Ethics is informed and grounded by recent scientific insights into the nature of living things, human nature and the fundamental nature of the universe – ideas from today’s information theory, astrophysics and genetics. Flourishing Ethics can be divided conveniently into two parts. The first part, which I call ‚Human-Centered FE,’ is focused exclusively upon human beings – their actions, values and characters. The second part, which I call ‚General FE,’ applies to every physical entity in the universe, including humans. Rather than replacing traditional ‚great ethical theories,’ Flourishing Ethics is likely to deepen and broaden our understanding of them. 相似文献
13.
Locke,Intellectual Property Rights,and the Information Commons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines the question whether, and to what extent, John Locke’s classic theory of property can be applied to the
current debate involving intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the information commons. Organized into four main sections,
Section 1 includes a brief exposition of Locke’s arguments for the just appropriation of physical objects and tangible property.
In Section 2, I consider some challenges involved in extending Locke’s labor theory of property to the debate about IPRs and
digital information. In Section 3, it is argued that even if the labor analogy breaks down, we should not necessarily infer
that Locke’s theory has no relevance for the contemporary debate involving IPRs and the information commons. Alternatively,
I argue that much of what Locke has to say about the kinds of considerations that ought to be accorded to the physical commons
when appropriating objects from it – especially his proviso requiring that “enough and as good” be left for others – can also be applied to appropriations involving the information
commons. Based on my reading of Locke’s proviso, I further argue that Locke would presume in favor of the information commons
when competing interests (involving the rights of individual appropriators and the preservation of the commons) are at stake.
In this sense, I believe that Locke offers us an adjudicative principle for evaluating the claims advanced by rival interests
in the contemporary debate about IPRs and the information commons. In Section 4, I apply Locke’s proviso in my analysis of
two recent copyright laws: the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). I then
argue that both laws violate the spirit of Locke’s proviso because they unfairly restrict the access that ordinary individuals
have previously had to resources that comprise the information commons. Noting that Locke would not altogether reject copyright
protection for IPRs, I conclude that Locke’s classic property theory provides a useful mechanism for adjudicating between
claims about how best to ensure that individuals will be able to continue to access information in digitized form, while at
the same time also allowing for that information to enjoy some form of legal protection. 相似文献
14.
Emilio Mordini David Wright Kush Wadhwa Paul De Hert Eugenio Mantovani Jesper Thestrup Guido Van Steendam Antonio D’Amico Ira Vater 《Ethics and Information Technology》2009,11(3):203-220
The ageing society poses significant challenges to Europe’s economy and society. In coming to grips with these issues, we
must be aware of their ethical dimensions. Values are the heart of the European Union, as Article 1a of the Lisbon Treaty
makes clear: “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity…”. The notion of Europe as a community of values
has various important implications, including the development of inclusion policies. A special case of exclusion concerns
the gap between those people with effective access to digital and information technology and those without access to it, the
“digital divide”, which in Europe is chiefly age-related. Policies to overcome the digital divide and, more generally speaking,
e-inclusion policies addressing the ageing population raise some ethical problems. Among younger senior citizens, say those
between 65 and 80 years old, the main issues are likely to be universal access to ICT and e-participation. Among the older
senior citizens, say those more than 80 years old, the main issues are mental and physical deterioration and assistive technology.
An approach geared towards the protection of human rights could match the different needs of senior citizens and provide concrete
guidance to evaluate information technologies for them. 相似文献
15.
We highlight the important lessons our contributors present in our collective project of fostering dialogues both between applied ethics and computer science and between cultures. These include: critical reflexivity; procedural (partly Habermasian) approaches to establishing such central norms as “emancipation”; the importance of local actors in using ICTs both for global management and in development projects – especially as these contribute the trust essential for the social context of use of new technologies; and pluralistic approaches that preserve local cultural differences alongside shared norms. May Thorseth then contextualizes our work vis-a-vis broader philosophical discussions of deliberation and democracy. 相似文献
16.
We argue that the notion of trust, as it figures in an ethical context, can be illuminated by examining research in artificial
intelligence on multi-agent systems in which commitment and trust are modeled. We begin with an analysis of a philosophical
model of trust based on Richard Holton’s interpretation of P. F. Strawson’s writings on freedom and resentment, and we show
why this account of trust is difficult to extend to artificial agents (AAs) as well as to other non-human entities. We then
examine Margaret Urban Walker’s notions of “default trust” and “default, diffuse trust” to see how these concepts can inform
our analysis of trust in the context of AAs. In the final section, we show how ethicists can improve their understanding of
important features in the trust relationship by examining data resulting from a classic experiment involving AAs. 相似文献
17.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Ethics and Information Technology》2008,10(4):255-264
My aim in this paper is to go some way towards showing that the maintenance of hard and fast dichotomies, like those between
mind and body, and the real and the virtual, is untenable, and that technological advance cannot occur with being cognisant
of its reciprocal ethical implications. In their place I will present a softer enactivist ontology through which I examine
the nature of our engagement with technology in general and with virtual realities in particular. This softer ontology is
one to which I will commit Kant, and from which, I will show, certain critical moral and emotional consequences arise. It
is my contention that Kant’s logical subject is necessarily embedded in the world and that Kant, himself, would be content
with this view as an expression of his inspired response to the “scandal to philosophy… that the existence of things outside
us… must be accepted merely on faith” [Bxl]. In keeping with his arguments for the a priori framing of intuition, the a priori
structuring of experience through the spontaneous application of the categories, the synthesis of the experiential manifold,
and the necessity of a unity of apperception, I will present an enactivist account of agency in the world, and argue that
it is our embodied and embedded kinaesthetic engagement in our world which makes possible the syntheses of apprehension, reproduction
and recognition, and which, in turn, make possible the activity of the reproductive or creative imagination. 相似文献
18.
Recent anthropological analyses of Chinese attitudes towards privacy fail to pay adequate attention to more ordinary, but
more widely shared ideas of privacy – ideas that, moreover, have changed dramatically since the 1980s as China has become
more and more open to Western countries, cultures, and their network and computing technologies. I begin by reviewing these
changes, in part to show how contemporary notions of privacy in China constitute a dialectical synthesis of both traditional
Chinese emphases on the importance of the family and the state and more Western emphases on individual rights, including the
right to privacy. This same synthesis can be seen in contemporary Chinese law and scholarship regarding privacy. A review
of recent work in philosophical ethics demonstrates that information ethics in China is in its very early stages. In this
work, privacy is justified as an instrumental good, rather than an intrinsic good. I argue by way of conclusion that privacy protections will continue to expand in China, in part under the pressures
of globalization, increasing trade with and exposure to Western societies, and the increasing demands for Western-style individual privacy by young people. Even so, I argue that these emerging conceptions of privacy will remain distinctively Chinese – i.e., they will retain a basic consistency with traditional Chinese values and approaches. 相似文献
19.
Cecile Paris Nathalie Colineau Surya Nepal Sanat Kumar Bista Gina Beschorner 《Ethics and Information Technology》2013,15(4):301-316
With the emergence and rapid growth of Social Media, a number of government departments in several countries have embraced Social Media as a privilege channel to interact with their constituency. We are exploring, in collaboration with the Australian Department of Human Services, the possibility to exploit the potential of social networks to support specific groups of citizens. To this end, we have developed Next Step, an online community to help people currently receiving welfare payments find a job and become financially self-sufficient. In this paper, we explore some ethical issues that arise when governments engage directly with citizens, in particular with communities in difficult situations, and when researchers are involved. We describe some of the challenges we faced and how we addressed them. Our work highlights the complexity of the problem, when an online community involves a government department and a welfare recipient group with a dependency relationship with that department. It becomes a balancing act, with the need to ensure privacy of the community members whilst still fulfilling the government’s legal responsibilities. While difficult, these issues must be addressed if governments are to engage with their citizens using Social Media. 相似文献
20.
This paper pertains to research works aiming at linking ethics and automated reasoning in autonomous machines. It focuses on a formal approach that is intended to be the basis of an artificial agent’s reasoning that could be considered by a human observer as an ethical reasoning. The approach includes some formal tools to describe a situation and models of ethical principles that are designed to automatically compute a judgement on possible decisions that can be made in a given situation and explain why a given decision is ethically acceptable or not. It is illustrated on three ethical frameworks—utilitarian ethics, deontological ethics and the Doctrine of Double effect whose formal models are tested on ethical dilemmas so as to examine how they respond to those dilemmas and to highlight the issues at stake when a formal approach to ethical concepts is considered. The whole approach is instantiated on the drone dilemma, a thought experiment we have designed; this allows the discrepancies that exist between the judgements of the various ethical frameworks to be shown. The final discussion allows us to highlight the different sources of subjectivity of the approach, despite the fact that concepts are expressed in a more rigorous way than in natural language: indeed, the formal approach enables subjectivity to be identified and located more precisely. 相似文献