西方教育选择理论述评

文章根据研究者对个人教育选择范围的不同认识,将西方教育选择研究分为三个派别:教育公共选择学派、教育市场选择学派和主张教育市场化、私营化的激进学派。同时分别介绍了他们在教育选择问题上的核心主张。在此基础上,对西方教育选择理论的现状进行了评析,认为已有的研究为我们提供丰富理论资源的同时,也存在缺陷。一方面对于个人教育选择的价值缺乏全面认识,另一方面对教育选择的制度设计拘泥于政府或者市场的思路。     

Choosing the arts: the moral regulation of parents in the educational marketplace

The neoliberal turn in public education positions the parent as a consumer within an expanding educational marketplace. This shift is premised on the notion that the free market is best suited to promote equity. Critics of this claim highlight how a larger choice arena creates additional opportunities for privileged parents to mobilize their resources to further their child’s advantages. While extremely important, this framework of analysis ignores the role that educational choice plays in producing parent subjectivities. In this article, we explore how parents at one specialized arts high school construct notions of the ‘good/moral’ parent around the decision to ‘choose the arts,’ and how these categories work to reinforce dominant race, class, and gender hierarchies within the school. We hope to illuminate how educational choice is not solely about shaping the material and symbolic conditions of the child; it is about producing parent subjectivities as well.     

Choosing schools,choosing selves: exploring the influence of parental identity and biography on the school choice process in Delhi,India

Drawing on qualitative interview data from a group of lower income parents in Delhi, India, this paper focuses on the dynamic relationship between parental choice of a particular school and parents’ own identity construction. The data indicate that choice of school is for some parents a symbolic expression of identity, influenced by family dynamics and parents’ educational biographies. The paper outlines the concept of ‘forging solidarities’ and proposes it as an alternative way of understanding school enrolment decisions that recognises the social significance of such choices for the wider family unit. More generally, as school choice mechanisms in various forms become an increasingly important part of the educational landscape in many countries, the findings draw attention to the sociocultural nature of choice in real-world market settings and the contribution of schooling choices to processes of social and educational segregation.     

教育消费者选择制度对高等教育供给影响的经济学分析——基于生产消费理论的视角

近年来,虽然我国高等教育取得了快速发展,但是我国高等教育服务供给仍存在比较突出的问题。本文以生产-消费为视角对我国高等教育服务供给中的教育消费者选择制度进行了研究,发现,教育消费者对高等教育消费存在着选择空间,但是教育消费者的选择是失灵的,这种失灵对我国高等教育的有效供给产生了重要的影响。据此,本文提出了完善我国教育消费者选择制度的建议。     

The global middle class and school choice: a cosmopolitan sociology

In this paper we suggest the need for research which addresses school choice as a global phenomenon. That is, a form of choice which extends beyond local politics and policymaking. We consider here the educational choices and choice making contexts of a burgeoning, mobile, post-national middle class who operate on a global scale. We also sketch the educational market within which these choices are considered and realised but the main focus is on demand side issues. The paper seeks to open a space for further research, in which to ask some old and some new questions about social class and social reproduction through schooling, and to make the case for choice researchers to attend more carefully to choice in a framework of mobility, globalisation and related new kinds of social class identities and interests.     

新建本科院校教育价值选择探析

从教育目的、教育内容、教育方法、教育对象等4个角度探讨了教育价值选择问题,认为新建本科院校的教育价值选择应考虑"社会本位与个人本位的统一,实科教育与博雅教育的统一,应用实践与理论研究的统一,科学精神与人文精神的统一",以体现自身的教育质量与特色,保障学校的生存与发展.     

基于社会职业发展模式的公众教育选择

社会职业发展的模式特征决定了公众的教育选择倾向。单一模式将形成一元化的教育选择,多元模式会引导形成多元化的教育选择。中国社会的职业发展模式具有“一主多元”并存的特征,而公众教育选择倾向则主要受主流模式影响,以致形成以升学竞争为主导的特征。未来职业发展模式多元化将成为大趋势,方向和路径选择将成为公众教育关注的重点,教育应顺势进行多元改革。     

论我国义务教育阶段教育选择权及其法律保护

教育选择权是受教育权中的一项重要内容,体现教育的实质公平,是教育公平在就近入学基础上的进一步延伸。教育选择权的实现依赖于经济条件、义务教育普及程度和法制完备。但目前在我国义务教育阶段教育选择权的实现过程中仍存在着突出的制度与现实障碍,亟需从教育选择权的法制认识、教育立法、教育执法、教育司法建设四方面建立法律保护。     

高校定位与高等教育系统秩序的形成

高校定位是高校对自身发展方向和发展路径的理性选择,高等教育系统秩序的形成是建立在高校定位基础之上的组织化过程。高校分类只是对高等教育系统秩序认识的特例,仅仅用高校分类与自生秩序相结合来建构高校定位机制是不够的。高等教育系统秩序的形成是一个组织化过程,既有人类理性的安排,又有自组织方式。因而,高校定位应该由政府宏观引导、社会广泛参与、高校理性选择三者共同发挥作用。     

论成人教育发展中的教育选择问题

选择是人的一种存在方式,学会选择是世界教育发展的方向。分析教育选择的内涵,审视现代信息社会对人的发展需求、成人教育的目标达成乃至对已有教育选择缺失的补充,都需要成人教育重视教育选择。成人教育中要落实选择行动,必须实现教育内容与教育方式、方法的合理选择,必须通过具体的成人教育教学活动,着力提高成人学习者的选择能力。     

美国择校研究的理论与方法述评

本文从理论基础和研究方法两个角度对美国择校研究进行梳理与简要评论,通过综述研究发现,美国择校研究具备多学科理论基础和较为科学、严谨的实证研究方法.受新自由主义思潮的影响,美国择校研究具备公共选择理论、民营化理论、教育选择理论等不同学科的理论基础;在研究方法上,美国择校研究注重研究方法与过程的科学性,而非研究结论的普适性.这些可以为我国今后的择校研究提供知识和方法上的参考与借鉴.     

Choice paths in the Swedish upper secondary education – a critical discourse analysis of recent reforms

Decentralisation policy in Sweden emphasises school capitation allowance, the local upper secondary schools’ decision‐making and pupils’ choices in contrast to previous bureaucratic governing. The aim of this article is to discuss how pupils’ educational choice paths are a part of the different kinds of integration and differentiation processes within upper secondary education. By doing so, the intention is to make a theoretical contribution to the ongoing discussion in this research field. In the light of Habermas’s theory of communicative action combined with Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, educational choice paths have been studied as a process within three educational practices in a local quasi‐market in Sweden: (1) choice of upper secondary school, (2) choice of upper secondary programme, and (3) choice of courses and subjects within a programme. Some of the results demonstrate that pupils’ choice paths can be vocation‐oriented, career‐oriented and consumption‐oriented. It is argued that these different types of choice paths are related to a market discourse. Other results demonstrate that pupils’ group‐oriented, interest‐oriented and tradition‐oriented choice paths are built upon an active citizenship discourse, which is about creating meaning in terms of seeking knowledge and establishing social relations in upper secondary education. The analysis of these two paramount discourses indicates that pupils’ integration and differentiation processes are ambiguous.     

The Reform Religious Schools of New York City; A Decade of Progress — 1940–1950

The focus of my remarks will be narrow: Title V of S.1141, the “AMERICA 2000 Excellence in Education Act.” This section of the bill, entitled “Parental Choice of Schools,” authorizes the appropriation of federal grants for local educational agencies that implement educational choice programs; assures that Chapter I remedial educational services will be available for children participating in educational choice programs; and provides special grants for educational choice programs of national significance. A key aspect of these provisions—and one of its most controversial — is the requirement that an “educational choice program” must include both public and nonpublic educational options. Thus, for example, section 523(b) defines “educational choice program” as:

a program adopted by a State or by a local educational agency under which

(1) parents select the school, including private schools, in which their children will be enrolled; and

(2) sufficient financial support is provided to enable a significant number or percentage of parents to enroll their children in a variety of schools and educational programs, including private schools.     

教育方针的形态变化与教育本性的回归

我国教育方针依据的“从上至下”的思想哲学及思维模式,使教育中的政治性趋向与教育的普遍公共性内涵形成内在的冲突,使教育方针被教条化和神圣化,成为不容置疑、不许讨论的精神戒律,从而抑制教师及教育理论研究者的教育思想创造空间,影响教育本真目的的实现。而改变教育方针“从上至下”的思维方式,使其进入从教者的内心及现实生活世界,成为他们心所系、情所寄、思所聚、神所往、自愿依据和遵循的行为准则,似乎是教育发展的理性选择。     

From Desegregation to Privatization: A Critical Race Policy Analysis of School Choice and Educational Opportunity in North Carolina

ABSTRACT

School choice policies and the movement to privatize education have become the currently preferred school reform methods on both the state and federal levels under the guise they will provide equal educational opportunities and access for all students. The 1954 school desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education arguably paved the way for equal educational opportunities, including school choice; however, we contend that the present-day school choice and privatization movements may be a part of a larger social, political, and legal cycle of inequality that has established residence in the American educational system for more than a century. We conduct a critical race theory policy analysis using a framework that has been effective in previous work with examining cyclical inequalities, the convergence-divergence-reclamation cycle (or C-D-R cycle). In this article, we are focusing our analysis on the state of North Carolina due to its complex legal and political history with school desegregation and its recent support for various school choice options and privatizing public education. We assert that the push for school choice and privatizing public education in North Carolina demonstrates a broader, recurring problem in American public schools-–creating progressive education laws and policies appearing to promote educational equity and opportunity and then regressing to policies supporting White privilege while maintaining the status quo of inequitable educational opportunities for historically underserved and minoritized students.     

The characteristics of the school organization and the constraints on market ideology in education: an institutional view

The paper raises theoretical insights against central premises underlying the policy of parental choice and educational market from the standpoint of the institutional theory of organization. It discusses how the institutional theory may explain the barriers to diversity, responsiveness, and improvement, all of which are assumed to be driven by the implementation of parental choice reform at the school level, and it looks at what this perspective says about rational decision‐making. In general, institutional elements such as conformity to institutional rules, isomorphism, decoupling, and loose coupling argued to prevail in schools seem to be obstacles for many educational processes and outcomes ‘promised’ by advocates of parental choice and market in education. Implications for the study of parental choice and educational marketing are suggested.     

Educational markets in space: gamekeeping professionals across Australian communities

This paper argues that the logic of neoliberal choice policy is typically blind to considerations of space and place, but inevitably impacts on rural and remote locations in the way that middle-class professionals view the opportunities available in their local educational markets. The paper considers the value of middle-class professionals’ educational capitals in regional communities and their problematic distribution, given that class fraction’s particular investment in choice strategies to ensure their children’s future. It then profiles the educational market in six communities along a transect between a major regional centre and a remote ‘outback’ town, using publicly available data from the Australian Government’s My School website. Comparison of the local markets shows how educational outcomes are distributed across the local markets and how dimensions of ‘choice’ thin out over the transect. Interview data offer insights into how professional families in these localities engage selectively with these local educational markets or plan to transcend them. The discussion reflects on the growing importance of educational choices as a marker of place in the competition between localities to attract and retain professionals to staff vital human services in their communities.     

中美义务教育择校政策的内容、背景与价值研究

在我国义务教育择校政策成为社会关注的焦点之际,本文分析了中关两国关于义务教育择校政策的内容、背景和价值,探讨了两国义务教育择校政策不同的发展轨迹。认为任何一项教育政策都是为了解决某个社会发展阶段产生的特定的教育政策问题而制定的,任何简单的效仿都是无益的,甚至是危险的。择校与否,只是一定历史阶段的产物,只是政策选择的具体表征,不具有普遍性。具有普遍性的是义务教育的基本规定性:公平。     

论教育理论的深化与教育两大功能的实现

教育的改革与发展,在一定意义上就是教育功能的变革与扩展,就是为了更好地发挥教育的功能。由于教育功能的选择和实现具有相当的复杂性和难度,因而,在教育改革迅速深化的过程中,研究教育两大功能的相互关系问题,用科学的认识指导教育功能的选择和实现,是非常必要的。教育功能理论的发展是一个历史的过程。用唯物史观进行分析,在这个历史过程中,教育两大功能的关系状态受社会发展水平和教育理论发展水平等多方面因素的制约。为了保证教育的选择既具现实性,也具理想性,因此,在处理教育两大功能的关系时,应遵循辩证统一、平衡协调、社会导向和个性自主等几项原则。     

莱伊教育平等思想述评

平等和教育平等是两个较为复杂的范畴。莱伊从平等的对象、范围和目标等三个方面对平等范畴做了界定,认为平等对象包括个人平等、组内平等和组别平等,平等范围有分配和所得两种,平等目标则包括结果平等和机会平等。他进一步从平等的价值、属性、选择原则出发,对平等的选择进行了阐述。莱伊对平等的研究从多方面启发我们重新审视教育平等,对教育中的平等理解以及教育平等的选择等具有重要的启发价值。