Testing implications of a tournament model of school district salary schedules

Using panel data on the salary schedules of public school teachers and administrators, I look for evidence of a tournament wage structure. A tournament model is presented, where teachers compete for promotion to administrators. Districts can create incentives for teachers by offering either a higher pay premium for promotion or a larger probability of promotion. The model predicts an inverse relationship between these two values. Evidence supporting this prediction is found in the data. In contrast, an alternative model of incentive pay, where returns to seniority substitute for imperfect monitoring, is not supported empirically. This result is consistent with intuition that tenure protections make it hard for districts to fire shirking teachers, making returns to seniority a poor method of providing incentives.     

如何规划员工职业发展

依据马斯洛的需要层次理论，物质需要是人类较低层次的需要，而自我实现才是人的最高层次的需要。职业发展属于满足人的自我实现需要的范畴，因而会产生更大的激励作用。     

How children learn to read and why they fail

The present article considers the contrast between conceptions of reading as a natural and as an unnatural act, relying on the simple view of reading as a theoretical framework (Gough and Tunmer 1986). According to the simple view, reading comprehension is a product of both listening comprehension and decoding. Here it is argued that the comprehension aspect of reading depends on those same—natural—forces that govern acquisition of spoken language, whereas decoding depends on explicit tutelage, with little evidence that children will induce the cipher from simple exposure to written words and their pronunciations (sight-word instruction). Rejecting both sight-word and phonics instruction as inadequate in and of themselves, evidence is reviewed suggesting that successful readers require explicit awareness of the phonological structure of spoken words, which can and should be taught in kindergarten, prior to formal reading instruction. Beyond this point, reading success depends on a modicum of phonics instruction together with extensive practice with reading itself.     

论城市生态绿地系统的建设

介绍生态绿地系统在维持城市生态平衡、提高城市居民生活环境质量方面的主要功能,并提出一个合理的城市生态绿地系统规划的基本方法。     

如何编制企业职工培训计划

编制培训计划的准备工作 计划工作是要在现在与未来的目标之间架起一座"桥梁"。这就存在着对未来目标的"确定"和对现存问题的"诊断",而现存问题往往又是确定未来目标的前提条件。因而在编制计划前需要做大量的准备工作。 1、调查访问,征集需求。为了编制独山子石化2003年职工培训计划,独石化教育中心和职业技术学校远在去年12     

关于高校工资结构及工资关系的思考

探讨了当前高等学校的工资结构失衡、工资关系不合理问题，认为进一步调整工资结构、理顺工资关系，逐步建立体现高校自身特点的岗位绩效工资制度，形成有利于吸引人才、稳定人才、用好人才、灵活多样和科学规范的收入分配激励机制。     

A call to come together: why it matters and why it works

This letter to the editor is in response to Barbara Hotelling's column, Tools for Teaching - The Power of Numbers: Transforming Birth Through Collaborations, published in the Volume 19, Number 2 (Spring 2010) issue of The Journal of Perinatal Education. Hotelling's brief overview of the history of birth activism in the United States and of current collaborations among diverse groups and individuals provides inspiration to continue efforts that improve maternity care and promote natural, safe, and healthy childbirth practices.     

社会阶层如何影响个体的亲社会行为?——机制与相关因素的探讨

社会阶层的社会认知理论与相关研究表明,低社会阶层者常比高社会阶层者更亲社会,而亲社会行为的资源和代价理论认为高阶层者更有能力和可能做出亲社会行为。随着实证研究的增多,研究者开始从多种因素(微观的个体水平变量,如人格因素;中观的情境水平变量,即具体的社会互动情境;宏观的社会与文化变量,如社会结构与文化因素)共同影响行为的视角入手来全面地理解社会阶层与亲社会行为之间的关系。研究发现,微观个体层面的互惠信念、感恩特质和相对剥夺感,中观情境层面的互动对方的利他水平、慈善呼吁类型和亲社会情境公开性,以及宏观社会层面的收入不平等性和文化等因素,都会影响社会阶层与亲社会行为之间的关系。未来研究应探讨亲社会情境、社会与文化层面的因素如何与个体的社会阶层交互影响其亲社会行为;考察受助者的社会阶层如何激发人们的亲社会行为,以及行动者的社会阶层对亲社会行为传递的影响。     

How should british universities plan for the 1980s?

The change from a period of expansion with recurrent grant linked to student number targets to a period when Government policy towards universities is expenditureled has meant that new approaches have to be made to university planning. The attempt by some universities to undertake major internal reviews of their activities is examined together with the criteria applicable to quality assessment. The article then outlines an alternative approach combining short term planning with longer term strategic objectives, which may be more appropriate in the 1980s.     

Mixed-sex or Single-sex Sex Education: How would young people like their sex education and why?

This article examines young people's views about sex education and focuses specifically on their views about interaction in single- and mixed-sex groups. Analysis of data from a survey of 3355 young people (aged 15/16 years), carried out in 13 co-educational English secondary schools (as part of the RIPPLE study), showed that the majority of girls, and about one-third of boys, would like some or all of their sex education to be delivered in single-sex groups. Data from 15 focus groups were analysed to examine the reasons for these preferences. The way in which sex education lessons are 'gendered' was explored by examining young people's views about the ways in which particular aspects of sex education classes (including the characteristics of teachers, the content, teaching methods and age of students) influenced their responses and interaction in lessons. Interaction in single- and mixed-sex focus group discussions was also analysed to provide insight into how interaction about sexual health issues may differ in single- and mixed-sex groups. It is concluded that the views of these young people support the call for more sex education with girls to be delivered in single-sex groups.     

A plan to encourage home reading

Museums have the capacity to enhance social cohesion, which is the product of a trusting, connected community. History museums and historic sites, in particular, can serve communities by stimulating dialogue on difficult issues, accurately representing all the people of a nation, and creating forums for discussion among groups with disparate opinions. History museums promote social cohesion by solidifying the identities of their audiences—as members of communities, ethnic groups, nations, and the world. This article combines extensive research with firsthand experience in history museums to accurately portray the ways different museums affect social cohesion. It looks first at what social cohesion is, and the ways in which both civil society and educational organizations contribute to it. It makes the argument that museums share attributes of both civil society and educational organizations. This article then addresses the different ways museums contribute to defining identity, bridging community divides, and addressing society's most difficult issues. It does this with in-depth analysis of several Holocaust museums and the movement in Russia to memorialize sites of Stalinist terror.     

高校专业对就业率和薪资的影响分析

本文采用麦可思研究院连续三年对中国应届大学毕业生求职与工作能力的调查数据,从本科、高职高专专业大类和主要专业小类着眼分析专业对毕业生毕业半年后就业率和薪资的影响。本文认为,就业率和薪资的影响差距并不是专业之问的教育水平差异造成的,而是受市场供求关系的影响。通过专业的结构性调整即减少失业严重的专业的招生数量,可以有效地提高大学毕业生的就业率。     

校园语码转换现象:发生的时间与原因

学校是一个小社会,是语言接触和语码转换的集中场所和天然的言语事件数据库;本文通过校园言语交际的现象,讨论了语码转换现象的发生时间和原因.