从文学文体学角度分析译者的语言风格

文学文体学是介于语言学与文学评论之间的一门学科,它包含有语言学对语言本身的描写,也涵盖了文学批评对文学作品的分析。当文学文体学运用于翻译研究,则对译文的主题意义及美学价值中具有指导作用。以下从文学文体学的角度出发,从语言及修辞两个层面切入,探讨两位译者的翻译特点,试图找出两位译者在这两个层面的异同。经过对比发现,在词汇层面上,汪译本所运用的押韵方式与原诗相近;在句法层面上,两位译者在句法结构上存在差异,但谭译本在突显主题意义及美学价值上与原文较为接近。而在衔接层面,两位译者采用了不同的翻译手法,却达到了异曲同工之妙;在修辞层面上,两位译者在翻译时保留了原文反复的修辞手法,而对于叠词,两位译者在译文中都没有体现。     

A Rhetoric of Turns: Signs and Symbols in Education

In our research and teaching we explore the value and the place of rhetoric in education. From a theoretical perspective we situate our work in different disciplines, inspired by major ‘turns’: linguistic, cultural, anthropological/ethnographic, interpretive, semiotic, narrative, literary, rhetorical etc. In this article we engage in the discussion about what all these turns might entail for education by elaborating on what it implies to read the world as a ‘text'—as is central in a semiotic approach—and by introducing new rhetoric in general, and the work of the literary critic and rhetorician Kenneth Burke in particular, as a possible theoretical and methodological resource. We illustrate its application in the analysis of a fictional narrative. Our aim is to explore how an understanding of education as rhetoric can be integrated into the teacher education curriculum.     

Local enactment of the Swedish ‘advanced teacher reform’

This article focuses on a new form of governing that targets a selected group of teachers. Specifically, it analyses how the Swedish so-called advanced teacher reform is enacted at the local level and discusses its implications for teachers’ professionalism. The methodological approach enables a local analysis in a broader international policy context. Using characteristic elements from curriculum theory to analyse the relationship between different levels and elaborating on the linguistic turn of curriculum theory, three concepts are central in the analysis: enactment, linguistic criteria and professionalism. Empirically, the study draws on material from a two-year application process in a medium-sized municipality. The result demonstrates that the local enactment process is clearly influenced by transnational policy trends and that less allowance is made for teachers’ own experience-based knowledge in the second studied year. The linguistic analysis shows how the applicants using the ‘right concepts’ were selected to become ‘advanced teachers’. As complex and qualitative aspects disappeared from the agenda, this type of governing, with its standardized use of language, may reduce schools’ educational potential. Changes like this raise new questions about how schools can maintain and develop democratic and professional values whilst being exposed to new policy trends.     

Negotiating the World: Some philosophical considerations on dealing with differential academic language proficiency in schools

Differential academic language proficiency is an issue of major educational concern, bearing on problems varying from pupil performance, to social prospects, and citizenship. In this paper we develop a conception of the language‐acquiring subject, and we discuss the consequences for understanding differential language proficiency in schools. Starting from Wittgenstein's meaning‐as‐use theory we show that learning a language requires an activity that relates the subject both to the community of language users, and to the things language is about. In opposition to Luntley, we contend that this does not mean that linguistic development involves linguistic adjustment to the world ‘as it is’. It is argued that, in as far as linguistic development involves a process of adjustment, this concerns conceptions about the world as it is presupposed to be—a ‘world’ that is subjected to doubt and revision time and again. With respect to dealing with differential academic language proficiency, this approach to linguistic development suggests bringing pupils into situations which require active participation in processes of ‘negotiating meaning’, including negotiating the prevailing presuppositions about what the world is like. This also puts novices in a different position—less assimilatory—recognising their co‐constructive potencies at a more fundamental level.     

Making Sense of Close Reading

The term ‘close reading’ is problematic for English teachers, yet a heightened awareness of the role that language plays in mediating experience and social relationships is fundamental to an informed and critically engaged citizenry. This essay finds that a focus on abstracted ideological content of literary texts comes at the cost of material, aesthetic considerations of language or ‘literariness’: it is the baby that has been thrown out with the bathwater. The essay argues that a false dichotomy between a literary education as ‘cultural studies’ and the study of ‘Culture’ (with a capital C) has diverted attention from the relationship between words and meaning. It draws on the work of Raymond Williams in contending that a renewed concept of ‘close reading’ should be at the heart of English teachers’ professional practice.     

20世纪西方语言批评视域下的话语分析

随着语言研究与文学理论、文化研究的不断发展与深入。话语分析在20世纪西方文论、文学批评及文化研究中的地位日益突出．并最终成为当今文学、文化批评和历史解读的最重要的理论武器之一。话语分析作为一种文学批评方法的发展历程与特征。展示了其与20世纪前期西方语言形式批评的关系。自20世纪西方文学研究’出现“语言学转向”以来,语言批评经历了一个从前期对“语言形式”的关注转变到后期关注“语言文化”的发展变化过程。     

An ‘infusion’ approach to critical thinking: Moore on the critical thinking debate

This paper argues that general skills and the varieties of subject‐specific discourse are both important for teaching, learning and practising critical thinking. The former is important because it outlines the principles of good reasoning simpliciter (what constitutes sound reasoning patterns, invalid inferences, and so on). The latter is important because it outlines how the general principles are used and deployed in the service of ‘academic tribes’. Because critical thinking skills are—in part, at least—general skills, they can be applied to all disciplines and subject‐matter indiscriminately. General skills can help us assess reasoning independently of the vagaries of the linguistic discourse we express arguments in. The paper looks at the debate between the ‘specifists’—those who stress the importance of critical thinking understood as a subject‐specific discourse—and the ‘generalists’—those that stress the importance of critical thinking understood independently of disciplinary context. The paper suggests that the ‘debate’ between the specifists and the generalists amounts to a fallacy of the false alternative, and presents a combinatory‐‘infusion’ approach to critical thinking.     

Multiple-Choice Questions and Written Questions matched according to levels of cognitive ability in an applied course: Evidence and practical implications

Whether or not the scores for multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and written questions (WQs) in formative assessments are the same, has been a subject of intense scrutiny. However, the evidence for their similarity at different levels of cognitive ability in applied courses has not been sufficiently documented. This study analysed the comparability of scores for equivalent MCQs and WQs at each level of cognitive ability, namely, ‘application’, ‘analysis’, ‘synthesis’ and ‘evaluation’, in an applied course. It was found that MCQ scores were higher than WQ scores at the levels of ‘application’ and ‘analysis’, while they were the same as WQ scores at the levels of ‘synthesis’ and ‘evaluation’. Furthermore, MCQ ranking of students’ scores at the level of ‘evaluation’ was inconsistent with its ranking at lower levels of cognitive ability. Thus, it is recommended that MCQs be pitched for sufficiently high levels of cognitive ability, albeit not the highest, to achieve similar scores to WQs.     

语用顺应论视角下《爱玛》两个中译本评析

以维索尔伦的语用顺应论为指导,从语境因素、语言结构、动态顺应等维度举例比较分析简·奥斯汀的代表作——《爱玛》两个中文版本：张经浩译本和孙致礼译本,由此探讨在文学翻译过程中,译者为了使目的语读者更好地理解原著是如何做出一系列语言选择以顺应原语和目的语的语言和文化。     

文学文本的审美化观照:中国语言学批评的第一个视角

文学是语言的艺术,审美性是其本质属性,因此审美分析是文学批评中不可或缺的一部分,但西方语言学批评恰恰忽视了这一点,把文学批评引向了纯语言学分析的极端。中国语言学批评则弥补其不足,将语言分析与审美分析有机结合起来,形成了自己的特色。     

文学语言的审美创变

文学语言是存在于文学作品中的一个特殊的语言存在体,具有其独有的特征。文学语言首先具有个性化的特征,它在用词造句中渗透了作者的个性。其次,文学语言还具有很强的文化特征。它不仅记录了人类在一定历史时期的文化创造,还吐纳人生事态,营造具有丰富的精神宝藏的独特世界。再者,文学语言也具有审美特征。文学语言所拥有的这些特征,使文学创作成为一种审美创变活动,文学语言因而也就具备了其特定的涵义与作用。     

“兴”,何所兴——《论语》文本中的“兴”义探析

"兴"在中国文论史上向来是被看作是一种最具有代表意义的文学创作手法和修辞手法。人们习惯于把"兴"看作是文艺创作的概念,将其归于"赋、比、兴"的艺术创作手法的系列中。但在孔子看来,"兴"并非是文艺创作的手法,而是《诗》具有修身成仁作用的高度提炼。当我们回归到《论语》文本中可发现,"兴"首先是指荡涤浊心的净化,其次则是一种更高层次上的回归,是一个否定之否定的阶段。"兴"就是要把人们心中有利于达到仁的境界的"真性情"彰显出来,把仁的基础建立在人的内在的"真性情"上,唤起每一个个体的向善成仁的主动与自觉的意识,而不是使之成为一种外在的强加于人之上的强制规范。换言之,"兴"必有所兴之物,而这种在学《诗》的基础上所兴起的,应该是人所都应当具备的一种真性情,真情感。而这种所谓的真性情和真实情感具体到孔子的修身成仁的教化当中就是指有利于成仁的"诚"和"直"等品质。     

Special educational needs: a public issue

This article explores the contribution of sociological scholarship to understanding and analysing the notions of ‘special educational needs’ and ‘disability’ and the ways in which the two notions have been reconfigured and theorised as ‘public issues’ rather than ‘personal troubles’. Barton's contribution is signified both in terms of his contribution to the evolution of the ‘sociological imagination’ – as a powerful theoretical tool for unravelling the highly political and contested nature of disability and special educational needs – and also in terms of his analysis of the emergence and development of sociological theorising in the field. The parochial obsession with deficit and medical‐oriented approaches to dealing with ‘difference’ and ‘need’ have been significantly challenged through the ‘sociological imagination’ aimed at pointing up the highly political and complex nature of disability and ‘special educational needs’. Times have changed and sociological theorising has evolved, but presumed ‘personal troubles’ are still not unequivocally conceptualised as being intertwined with, resting upon and emanating from ‘public issues’ embedded in the social, cultural and political edifice of educational, social and national communities. The ‘sociological imagination’ should be constantly invoked and deployed in order to expose and challenge the sophisticated ways in which individual pathology accounts and special educational imperatives re‐invent themselves through more inclusive linguistic veneers.     

Reading,engagement and higher education

ABSTRACT

This article explores the close association between higher education and reading. I draw on the resources of literary studies to illuminate the phenomenon of educational ‘engagement’. I explore the accounts of reading offered in the phenomenological literary theory of Rita Felski and Marielle Macé and extend their ‘stylistics of existence’ into higher education to elaborate engagement’s ‘eventful’ character: it is not in the power of teacher or student to ‘bring about’ engagement. In place of pedagogical ‘method’, I demonstrate how Padraig Hogan’s treatment of education as the ‘courtship of sensibility’ is consistent with this phenomenological treatment of engagement. I am thus able to illustrate how engagement is in tension with instrumental approaches to teaching and learning. I conclude by offering an ethical relation of mutual belonging to subject matter as a corrective to the centrality of ‘knowledge’ in recent attempts to unify the different degrees and objects of engagement.     

Transmitters of Culture in the Stream of Stories: Two 'East-West' Storytellers

Navdeep is a six-year-old storyteller whose stories give insights into his *iwareness of ‘story’ in terms of his ‘East-West’ heritage and his language development. Using his story ‘The Witch and the Gang’, I have analysed his narrative competences. Salman Rushdie is another ‘East-West’ storyteller, and I have used Haroun and the Sea of Stories to place Navdeep's storying in both a cultural and a linguistic context.     

Reading the Local and Global: Teaching Literature in Secondary Schools in Australia

Recently Australia has witnessed a revival of concern about the place of Australian literature within the school curriculum. This has occurred within a policy environment where there is increasing emphasis on Australia’s place in a world economy, and on the need to encourage young people to think of themselves in a global context. These dimensions are reflected in the recently published Australian Curriculum: English, which requires students to read texts of ‘enduring artistic and cultural value’ that are drawn from ‘world and Australian literature’. No indication, however, is given as to how the reading and literary interpretation that students do might meaningfully be framed by such categories. This essay asks: what saliences do the categories of the ‘local’, the ‘national’ and the ‘global’ have when young people engage with literary texts? How does this impact on teachers’ and students’ interpretative approaches to literature? What place does a ‘literary’ education, whether conceived in ‘local’, ‘national’ or ‘global’ terms, have in the twenty-first century?     

The influence of diglossia in Arabic on narrative ability: evidence from analysis of the linguistic and narrative structure of discourse among pre-school children

The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of diglossia on linguistic and narrative structures in Arab kindergarten children by testing performance in production and comprehension. The 30 children who participated in our study were asked to retell one narrative text that was read aloud to them in Literary Arabic and another narrative text that was retold to them in Spoken Arabic. Then they were given a comprehension test that included questions pertaining to each of the two stories. In addition, two questionnaires were filled in by their parents, for collecting personal data and evaluating the level of the children’s exposure to Literary Arabic at home. The findings show a significant advantage in the retold spoken text over the retold literary text and in understanding the narrative-discourse. In addition, the findings show that the linguistic gap between Literary and Spoken Arabic seems to impact the level of mastery over linguistic structures in both forms of Arabic. Both of these findings indicate that, despite the fact that the exposure to Literary Arabic at a young age is informal and indirect, pre-school children are able to use linguistic structures from the literary language and to comprehend narrative texts. These results, with a particular emphasis on spoken and literary linguistic knowledge in pre-school children, are discussed herein in light of previous behavioral findings and models of development of narrative abilities in the Arabic language.     

Needs or rights? A challenge to the discourse of special education

It is nearly 30 years since Mary Warnock's Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People introduced the phrase ‘special educational needs’ into the UK education system. In this article, Katherine Runswick‐Cole, Research Associate at Manchester Metropolitan University, and Nick Hodge, Principal Lecturer in Research Development at Sheffield Hallam University, argue for the abandonment of the ‘special needs’ discourse, claiming that it has, in fact, led to exclusionary practices within education. Building on the work of early years educators in Reggio Emilia schools in Northern Italy, the authors advocate for the adoption of the phrase ‘educational rights’ and suggest that the positive impact of such a linguistic turn would be significant for the lives of young people currently described as having ‘special educational needs’ and for children's rights.     

China’s making and governing of educational subjects as ‘talent’: A dialogue with Michel Foucault

Abstract

As an imprint of Confucian culture, China’s education intersects state governance in making and governing educational subjects as ‘talent’, an official translation of the Chinese term ‘rencai’ (literally, human-talent). Whereas the English word ‘talent’ itself denotes ‘[people with] natural aptitude or skill’, ‘talent’ is currently mobilized in China not only as a globalized discourse that speaks to the most aspired educational subjects for the 21st century but also as a re-invoked cultural notion that relates to Confucian wisdom. Drawing upon Foucault’s biopower hypothesis and Confucian thought, this paper leverages upon China’s unique manipulation of ‘talent’ as certain skills and human subjects, both cultivable through education, to problematize China’s talent making and governing in two dimensions. First, it unpacks the various technologies of power entangled in China’s talent making and governing within its ‘state governance’ paradigm. Second, it unpacks Confucian thought as an archaeological prototype for China’s present talent appeal, meanwhile explicating their divergences in defining ‘human’, ‘talent’, and the human-talent interpellation. In so doing, this paper makes two arguments. First, the linguistic notion of ‘talent’ functions as a Foucauldian apparatus of biopower, making (up) new kinds of people and normalizing a certain population as the objective/object of China’s state governance. Second, CPC’s re-invocation of Confucian talent discourses is more of a rhetorical strategy than an authentic cultural renaissance gesture.