Fathers' involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive competence to infants

The relation between fathers' involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive-social skills to infants was investigated in this study. 160 pairs of parents of 9-month-old infants were interviewed. On the average, fathers were available to their infants 2.75 hours per weekday and spent 45-50 min interacting with them. They performed 1 caretaking activity per day, and took sole responsibility for the infant only about once in 10 days. Results indicate that fathers who are less involved in child care attribute lesser competence to infants than relatively more involved fathers, that fathers in general attribute lesser competence to infants than mothers, and that the more involved a father is in infant care, the less difference there is between his attributions and those of his wife's. These results raise the possibility that involvement in care and perception of infants as cognitively competent are mutually reinforcing.     

Structure and prevalence of PTSD symptomology in children who have experienced a severe tornado

Children served by school psychologists are frequently impacted by natural disasters. In the United States, tornadoes are a particular threat but have been studied very little. The current investigation developed a scale for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children in Kindergarten to Grade 6 impacted by a severe tornado. Six factors were found: Avoidance, Re‐experiencing, Interpersonal Alienation, Interference with Daily Functioning, Physical Symptoms/Anxiety, and Foreshortened Future. Prevalence rates for PTSD symptomology ranged from 34 to 44% for factor scores and 41% for meeting all three Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, fourth edition‐text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria; 40% indicated no symptoms. Children's fear during the tornado and damage to their school were related to many factor scores. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 283–295, 2006.     

Humor and competence in school-aged children

Multiple aspects of humor were evaluated in children between the ages of 10 and 14 and related to several areas of competence manifested at school. Humor measures assessed appreciation (including mirth, subjective ratings, and response sets), comprehension, and production, while competence measures included teacher ratings of classroom behavior, peer reputation, and achievement. Humor was related to competence in several ways consistent with previous theory and research: (1) through the manifestation of intellectual ability both in humor behaviors and in competent functioning; (2) through the role of mastery motivation enhancing both types of functioning; and (3) through peer relations, resulting from the effects of humor on peer acceptance or the effects of peer relations on humor behaviors. Ideas for further research relating humor to social competence, social cognition, and mastery motivation are discussed.     

卡维地洛治疗重度心衰疗效观察

目的:观察重度心衰患者应用卡维地洛的临床疗效.方法:132例心功能NYHA分级Ⅲ、Ⅳ级的心力衰竭患者随机分为卡维地洛组及常规治疗组,前组除常规治疗外加用卡维地洛6.25mg/d,渐加至50～100mg/d或最大耐受量.观察治疗3个月后心率及应用彩色多普勒超声心动图方法观察每搏量(SV)、心输出量(CO)、射血分数(EF)及左室舒张末期内径(EDD)的变化.结果:卡维地洛组治疗重度心衰有效率显著高于常规治疗组.卡维地洛组用药前后非常显著地降低了HR、EDD,提高了SV、EF、CO(P＜0.01),而常规治疗组仅HR及SV改善明显(P＜0.05).卡维地洛组HR较常规治疗组有显著降低(P＜0.05),而其它指标均较常规治疗组有非常显著改善(P＜0.01).结论:卡维地洛能显著改善心脏功能,副作用小,可安全用于重度心力衰竭的治疗.     

Social cognition and competence in middle childhood

2 aspects of social cognition--interpersonal understanding and means-ends problem-solving ability--were evaluated in fourth- to seventh-grade children and related to sex, age, IQ, social class, and multiple dimensions of competence. Results indicated that both social-cognitive components were significantly correlated with IQ, while interpersonal understanding was also correlated with age and social class. Nevertheless, interpersonal understanding and means-ends problem-solving ability made significant contributions in accounting for variance in several competence variables even after IQ and other important status variables were taken into account. Implications for social cognition research are discussed.     

佛教与杜甫及其晚年心境

杜诗中与佛教有关的作品是研究杜甫思想的重要资料。杜甫对佛教的认识有一个由浅入深的过程，对佛教艺术的接触和僧人的交往，加深了他对异质文化的了解和思考，但并未使他对宗教产生太大的兴趣，佛教的博爱、劝善思想与儒家的民胞物与、仁民爱物思想在杜甫晚年思想中得到高度的融合。佛教思想补充和丰富了杜甫的儒学思想。     

Early Predictors of Later Attainment in Reading and Spelling

A good deal of research has tried to establish the precursors of literacy in terms of the abilities in children which are most likely to lead to good progress in reading and writing. As Monica Lazo and Peter Pumfrey point out, several aspects of metalinguistic ability have been identified as important and in their research, reported here, they found that three aspects of this ability were particularly significant to children's literacy development. These aspects, phonological awareness, print awareness and semantic/syntactic awareness seem to play crucial roles in children's reading and spelling but not in isolation. It is the combination of these which seems to make the difference, a finding with important implications for teachers of early literacy.     

民法中的主体资格与意志

对民法的理解与研究应抓住更深层次的东西,作为主体内部的意志它作为表象背后的事物对法律 有着深刻的影响。特别是意志是主体见之于客观而产生的心理状态,与主体资格,特性有着密不可分的关系,我们 应在对其内部关系的理解中进一步把握民法上的理念和基础。     

Communication competence in reading and learning disabilities

Conclusion The evidence indicates that learning-disabled children show pervasive and enduring language problems across a wide variety of language tasks. The studies suggest that the problems experienced by learning and reading-disabled children may fall into the categories of phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics as well as nonverbal communication. In terms of nonverbal communication, these children are less accurate in interpreting nonverbal auditory and visual cues. In phonology, it appears that they are less skilled in detecting the segments of single words and thus have difficulty establishing phoneme to grapheme correspondence. In the area of syntax, learning-disabled males are less skilled in dealing with inflection and the comprehension and creation of complex sentences. In semantics, they are less adequate than nondisabled children in defining words, creating sentences, and classifying objects into categories. They show less adequate sentence production, are less skilled at recognizing their errors, and are significantly slower in generating verbal responses. Finally, there is one study that suggests that learning-disabled children may be discriminated by their use of language in social situations. This paper was presented at the 29th Annual Conference of The Orton Society at Minneapolis, November, 1978.     

The effects of global severe privation on cognitive competence: extension and longitudinal follow-up. English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team

The current study extends previous research on a sample of children adopted into the United Kingdom following severe early deprivation and a comparison sample of nondeprived, within-country, early adoptees. We assessed 165 children adopted from Romania and 52 U.K. adoptees at age 6 years. Longitudinal data (at age 4 and 6 years) were available on 111 Romanian adoptees placed into U.K. homes before 24 months of age and on all U.K. adoptees. Results indicated that there was considerable catch-up among late-placed Romanian children from entry into the United Kingdom to age 6, but as a group they exhibited lower cognitive scores and general developmental impairment compared with earlier adopted Romanian children. In addition, the resilience suggested at the assessment at age 4 years was maintained longitudinally, but there was no further evidence of catch-up or recovery.     

Parents who hit and scream: Interactive effects of verbal and severe physical aggression on clinic-referred adolescents’ adjustment

The goals of this study were first, to delineate the co-occurrence of parental severe physical aggression and verbal aggression toward clinic-referred adolescents, and second, to examine the interactive effects of parental severe physical aggression and verbal aggression on adolescent externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. This research involved 239 referrals of 11- to 18-year-old youth and their dual-parent families to a non-profit, private community mental health center in a semi-rural Midwest community. Multiple informants (i.e., adolescents and mothers) were used to assess parental aggression and adolescent behavior problems. More than half of clinic-referred adolescents (51%) experienced severe physical aggression and/or high verbal aggression from one or both parents. A pattern of interactive effects of mother-to-adolescent severe physical aggression and verbal aggression on adolescent behavior problems emerged, indicating that when severe physical aggression was present, mother-to-adolescent verbal aggression was positively associated with greater adolescent behavior problems whereas when severe physical aggression was not present, the links between verbal aggression and behavior problems was no longer significant. No interactive effects were found for father-to-adolescent severe physical aggression and verbal aggression on adolescent adjustment; however, higher father-to-adolescent verbal aggression was consistently linked to behavior problems above and beyond the influence of severe physical aggression. The results of this study should promote the practice of routinely assessing clinic-referred adolescents and their parents about their experiences of verbal aggression in addition to severe physical aggression and other forms of abuse.     

Gender and intercultural competence: analysis of intercultural competence among upper secondary school students in Denmark and Norway

Abstract

The pluralisation of European societies has produced national and cultural diversification, increasing the need for communication and understanding to support recognition, equality, justice, self-determination and identification with others. This paper responds to the social and political challenges accompanying immigration by focusing on gender differences in intercultural competence among a selection of Danish and Norwegian secondary school students. Data came from questionnaires given to 895 students from four schools—two Danish and two Norwegian. One major finding was gender differences in intercultural competence, which is discussed using inclusive citizenship theory, gender socialization theory and feminist standpoint theory. For the control variables, cultural capital theory and intergroup contact theory were used to analyse students’ experiences of school diversity and their intercultural competence. School diversity contributed moderately to greater intercultural competence while moderate differences arose between national samples. Finally, teaching implications are discussed.     

Planning in Middle Childhood: Early Predictors and Later Outcomes

Data from 1,364 children and families who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were analyzed to track the early correlates and later academic outcomes of planning during middle childhood. Maternal education, through its effect on parenting quality when children were 54 months old, predicts their concurrent performance on sustained attention, inhibition, and short‐term verbal memory tests. This performance predicts planning in first grade, which predicts third‐grade reading and mathematics attainment, but not the rate of growth in academic skills from first to fifth grades. This path was also found when the same parenting, cognitive, and academic constructs were measured at later time points.     

恩格斯晚年社会主义探索及其当代价值

恩格斯晚年分析和研究了社会发展出现的新情况、新问题,对社会主义理论进行了新的探索,提出了许多真知灼见.这些新认识和新理论,对我们坚持马克思主义的基本立场、观点和方法,探索中国特色的社会主义模式具有重要的指导意义.     

晚期海德格尔和老子在 "物"中相遇

晚期海德格尔认为,在本性语言的召唤下,人的世界与以天、地、人、神为代表的万物达到相互映射对方的一体关系。在这种关系中,存在自身显现出来,世界世界化、物物化。老子认为,理想的社会形态的道内在于万物中,道与万物之间是一种相互规定对方的生育关系。从这种关系性的角度来说,海德格尔与老子的思想之间存在着共通性。     

列宁晚年权力监督思想及其现实启示

列宁晚年关于建立自上而下和自下而上的多层次、全方位权力监督机制思想 ,对我国当前正在深入进行的反腐败斗争仍具有重要的理论意义。     

英语教学中语言能力和交际能力的培养

英语的语言能力和交际能力是英语教学和学习的核心问题。如何打好语言能力的基础 ,从而发展其交际能力 ,是每个英语学习者和英语教师所面对的课题。语言能力的培养、语言知识和语言技能同等重要 ,只是先后顺序不同 ;交际能力是在语言能力的基础上发展起来的综合能力。