教师专业发展的阶段划分及其知识转型

教师专业发展可划分为新手阶段、胜任阶段、熟练阶段和专家阶段这四个阶段.各发展阶段所要完成的知识任务分别为理论知识的物质存在形式向心理存在形式转化、理论知识向实践性知识转化、实践性知识的定向迁移和从实践性知识向理论知识的转化.教师教育研究工作者,需要加强对教师专业发展各个阶段知识转型的范式进行研究,以便在帮助教师获得知识的同时,还能促使专家型教师积极地生产和创造知识.     

教师实践性知识发展的层次探析——基于专家型教师成长的个案

培养大批专家型教师是新时代教师队伍建设的战略目标,而专家型教师的培养必然要求完善教师的实践性知识。通过对专家型教师的教育教学实践研究发现,教师实践性知识的发展具有层次性,可以分为经验型、理性化和智慧型三个知识层次和自在、自知、自为三个自我建构层次,是教师对教学"惯习"的认识和积累、形成和运用及主动建构新教学"惯习"的过程。对此,提出了要通过促进教师对教育教学实践的认知,激发教师积极投身教育教学实践的热情及加强教师对自身教学实践的反思等多方面着手,来提升教师的实践性知识水平。     

新手教师—专家型教师科学领域学科教学知识(PCK)的差异研究

学科教学知识(PCK)是促进教师专业发展的核心知识,是否掌握PCK是区分新手教师和专家型教师的分水岭.研究者运用内容分析法、访谈法、观察法等对幼儿园新手教师与专家型教师有关科学领域PCK的掌握情况进行了比较,发现两者PCK掌握情况的差异不仅体现在成分与数量方面,更体现在整合与转化能力方面.研究者建议以“全实践”理论为指导,改革教师职前教育课程设置,鼓励教师在教学实践中建构PCK,并通过积极反思提升自身的PCK水平.     

专家型教师学科教学知识解析——以写作教学知识为例

专业发展到成熟阶段的专家型教师,其构建的学科教学知识,有机融合了专业学科知识、教育学知识和心理学知识,形成了既包含陈述性知识也包含程序性知识的动态知识系统。一般来讲,我国专家型语文教师的写作教学知识,主要包括意义性写作教学知识、本体性写作教学知识和策略性写作教学知识及教学主体自我建构知识等几方面。这些知识,体现出专家型语文教师在作文教学是为了什么、作文教学教什么和怎么教、教学主体怎么进行自我建构等问题上的独到见解。     

教师策略性知识的成分与结构特征研究

教师认知结构中的策略性知识存在一定的心理结构,这种结构是专家型教师经过长期的工作实践、理论学习和归纳总结建立起来的.一名教师从新手到专家的发展历程必不可少地要经历策略性知识结构的建构过程.根据验证性因素分析结果,教师策略性知识的结构特征如下:策略性知识包含了3个维度--思维导向策略、知识同化策略和过程监控策略.3个维度12个变量.从被试的测量数据情况可以看出,专家型教师的策略性知识结构远比新手教师完善和复杂,从新手教师向专家型教师成长的过程,就是策略性知识形成和发展的过程.结构特征研究为进一步研究策略性知识发展规律提供了研究依据.     

论物理教育反思及其对教师专业发展的实现

物理教育反思连结了物理教学预设、课堂监控和课外自我批判,是教师基于课堂专业实践的一种再思考.在这种思考当中,教师立足于物理的学科工具理性和人文价值,对自己的教育实践的前提、策略及发展方向进行重新审视、调整和定位,促进个体由新手到熟手再到专家型蜕变,完成从文本知识到生本知识再到实践知识的转化,有力地促进教师教学个性风格的产生,在此基础上教师也完善了自己的专业人格,并最终实现自我的价值.     

名师的课堂教学

所谓名师,应该是专家型、学者型教师,必须具备过硬的专业知识水准,能够运用各种教学策略和技巧,及时解决教育上出现的问题;必须具有高效能的工作风格,能够用最少的时间做最有价值而重要的事;还必须具有创造性的行动力,能够在变化的环境中运用理论知识指导实践并建立自己的知识经验体系。这种学者型教师的成长需要长期的知识积淀与实践锻炼,而能够真正达到这种水准的教师。必须为之倾注毕生的精力与时间,没有专注的实干精神,就没有名师的存在,也就不可能有大师的出现。那如今我们又如何走进名师的课堂呢？     

新手型实训教师实践性知识的发展策略研究

教师实践性知识作为一种独特的知识形式,不仅为教师专业自主权的诉求提供有力证据,也为教师专业发展提供重要的知识基础。对于缺乏经验的新手型实训教师,其实践性知识的发展是一个个体性与情境性相互作用的发展历程。新手型实训教师需要通过个体主动参与、实践共同体的合作学习、行动中反思等策略逐渐建构个人的实践性知识,为其专业成长提供理论指导,进而实现由新手型教师到专家型教师的转变。     

教师实践性知识的发展策略研究

教师实践性知识是一种体现教师个人特征和教学智慧的知识,是教师在理解和领悟教育理论知识和学科知识基础上,根据个人经验在教育教学实践的特定情境中建构的一种知识形态。这种知识对于教师个人和学校组织来说,都是十分重要的无形资产,如果教师能够有效地发展实践性知识,将创造更多的价值,促进个人及学校组织的发展。本文着重站在教师主体性的角度,提出了开展教师的教育叙事研究、反思教学实践经验、构建教师学习型组织、注重教师培训中的实践策略等建议。     

专家型教师学科教学认知结构探析

专家型教师主要指那些具有丰富的教学经验并且在教学领域获得成功的教师。借鉴国际上PCKg理论,研究专家型教师成长具有重要意义。PCKg指的是学科教学认知,是学科知识在具体教学中的转化形式,是专家型教师知识范畴中最有效的教学知识。专家型教师PCKg主要包含四种要素:从教科目的学科知识、学科教学论相关知识、学习者个体特征知识和教育情境知识。这四种要素相互联系,形成一个有机的整体:从教科目的学科知识居于基础地位,学科教学论相关知识是顺利开展教学的关键,学习者的个体特征知识和教育情境知识是学科教学认知系统的有机组成部分。     

The role of attention in expert classroom practice

In this paper we outline a new theoretical model of expert practice that identifies the importance of attentional skills. We report on a small-scale pilot study of the classroom practice of experienced teachers of mathematics based on this model, through which a method of articulating aspects of classroom practice has been developed. This study took place in England, where current policy in teacher education places considerable emphasis on lesson planning. Our study raises issues about the relationships between the different kinds of knowledge that we see as constituting expert practice.     

试论科学课教师专业化发展的知识结构

从显性知识与隐性知识的角度构建科学课教师的知识结构,可以为科学课教师的职前培养和职后培训课程内容的制定找到理论的依据,有助于科学课教师把理论知识有效地运用到教学实践中,促进科学课教师专业化的实现。我们应既重视科学课教师显性知识的建构,同时也应挖掘和构建科学课教师的隐性知识,让教师在显性知识和隐性知识的比较和转换中,形成具有个性特征的知识结构。     

基于教学视频案例的教师专业发展实践

信息时代,技术已成为教育生态系统中不可或缺的构成要素。如何通过技术培养高效能教师成为教师专业发展中重要的研究议题之一。教学视频案例以教学观摩、教学研究为目的,以视频为主要形式,全程记录某个真实教学活动,能为教师呈现真实的课堂教学情境及向专家学习的机会,帮助教师实现隐性教学知识显性化并生成教学实践性知识。因此,可以将教学视频案例应用于教师培训工作。基于视频案例的教师专业发展实践证明,教学视频案例不仅有助于教师将理论知识与实践相联系,检验理论中的观点并形成自己的看法,还有助于教师与他人交流,使学习突破个人活动的局限。但是,在利用教学视频案例支持教师反思及共同体学习过程中,要注意突破教学实录的局限,使教学视频案例成为一个有机的资源整合体,为教师提供视频分析及标注等辅助性工具,帮助教师有效吸收教学视频案例信息并加以创新应用。     

Building the expert teacher prototype: A metasummary of teacher expertise studies in primary and secondary education

While expert teachers remain a frequent focus of research in education, to date there have been very few attempts to conduct systematic reviews of this literature. This paper presents the findings of the first systematic metasummary of research on teacher expertise in K12 education (primary/elementary and secondary levels), based on analysis of 106 empirical studies from 16 countries involving 1124 teachers identified as experts. The inductively-developed coding framework was applied independently by both authors to the dataset to generate agreement counts for specific coding themes, firstly for specific domains of teacher expertise, and then stratified to compare primary and secondary studies. We present 73 specific features organised into six domains in our expert teacher prototype. Salient findings indicate that, with regard to professional practice, expert teachers reflect extensively and often critically on their practice, help their colleagues frequently, and are continuous learners throughout their careers. Concerning knowledge, we find that expert teachers have well-developed pedagogical content knowledge and knowledge about their learners. In the domain of pedagogic practice, we observe that expert teachers display flexibility in the classroom, build strong interpersonal relationships with their learners, whom they engage through their choice of activities and content, and frequently make use of strategies typically emphasised in both constructivist and learner-centred education literatures. We offer our prototype as a useful initial sketch of family resemblance among expert teachers rather than a checklist of necessary or expected features of expertise, also cautioning that the prototype remains far from complete.     

说课与教师知识建构

目前说课研究面临理论瓶颈,理论分析也往往陷于概念游戏,而教师知识理论则可为说课研究提供新的理论分析视角。一是说课可作为教师实践知识建构的工具;二是教师能在说课中实现知识管理;三是说课应关注学科教学知识(PCK)的建构。     

毕生探索为师之道——管窥张敷荣先生关于师范教育的思考

我国当代著名教育学家张敷荣先生毕生从事并研究师范教育,他注重着眼于国家的现代化建设和教育的进步与发展来探讨发展师范教育、培养合格教师的极端重要性,指出造就合格教师是培育人才的千秋基业。认为理想的合格教师是经师与人师的完美结合,师范教育应当努力培养既有高尚师德与人格又有深厚学养的教师。主张培养合格的教师既应理论与实践结合,在教学实践中夯实其专业理论基础,使之有较大的发展后劲和潜力;又应加强实践锻炼,逐步实现理论与实践的有机结合。     

Images as orienting activity: using theory to inform classroom practices

Conceptualizations of teacher knowledge have shifted to focusing on the role of experiential rather than theoretical knowledge. There are different approaches to this, but the idea of an image that guides practice is widespread. One approach to images that has not been frequently investigated in studies of second language teachers is through sociocultural theory, specifically in the contribution of activity theory known as orienting activity. In this view, images mediate teaching actions by linking theoretical knowledge and practical experience. This article will use orienting activity to examine the role that images play in an English as a second language teacher’s personal practical knowledge by drawing on classroom observations, informal discussions, simulated recall interviews and documentary evidence collected over a nine month period. Analysis of the data shows that several key images mediated the teacher’s classroom actions. These emerged in the observations and in the teacher’s commentary on planned and spontaneous, routine and novel and successful and unsuccessful activities. The images appeared to have developed through both tacit knowledge associated with practical experience and theoretical knowledge associated with research and theory. This demonstrates the usefulness of orienting activity as a theoretical framework for exploring classroom practices and teacher development through the links it can make between theory and practice.     

误区与澄明：建构主义知识观中的教师知识研究

＂建构主义＂影响到我国后,受到某些学者的热捧,逐渐形成了一股建构主义思潮。国内一些学者用建构主义来研究教师知识以及教师专业发展,认为教师知识在于教师个体在教学实践中建构,因而出现了两个误区：一是以是否直接有益于课堂教学实践作为知识价值判断标准;二是将＂教学＂知识代替＂教育学＂知识。对于这些误区,我们要予以重视,从理论上辨清建构主义真相,全面促进教师知识发展。     

Towards an articulation of expert classroom practice

We report on a small scale study with six experienced teachers of mathematics in which we have applied a general theoretical model of expert practice (developed by the second author) to explore the nature of the knowledge base that enables teachers to operate effectively in the complexity of a class of 30 pupils. This model uses the notion of attention-dependent knowledge, which is derived through the use of specialised attentional skills. A methodology was developed which enabled us both to investigate the role of attention-dependent knowledge and to develop a basic vocabulary to articulate aspects of expert classroom practice.     

科学知识观与教师创新能力养成——社会建构论视野中的科学知识性质解析及启示

在众多教师的观念中,科学知识是具有“客观性”、“价值中立性”、“普遍正确性”等特性的,由此造成教师创新意识淡薄,教师教育研究相对滞后,教师缺乏对知识及课程的反思、批判、追问与探究,致使教师不能清醒、深刻地认识到“科学霸权”、“知识霸权”的存在。从社会建构论的视野来看,科学知识是社会建构的,是具有“社会性”、“价值性”、“境域性”等特性的。清醒、深刻地认识到这一点,对于更新教师的科学知识观、使教师养成创新意识及能力,深化教师教育研究等,具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。