Science Process Skills and Cognitive Preference Styles

The study examined the differences in cognitive styles between two comparable groups of students at the Grade 9 (Secondary 3) level, namely the LSS (Lower Secondary Science) group who had been exposed to the practical-based, inquiry-oriented type of science and the non-LSS group of students who had studied the more traditional type of science in the “old” science curriculum. Their differences in science achievement are measured by the common IEA Science Paper-Pencil, Multiple Choice Criterion Test and also, by the Science Process or Practical Test (which measured three levels of process skills, such as the observation/manipulation, reasoning and investigation skills). Variance in science achievement thus measured is examined against the 4 cognitive preference styles of the students, (measured by the Combined Cognitive Preference Inventory) namely the “recall”, “principles”, “applications” and “questioning” modes of thinking. The findings indicated that (a) the attainment of the science process or practical skills was characterised by the type of science curriculum (LSS or non-LSS) and it was significantly associated with the achievement level of students, (b) the cognitive preference pattern covaried according to the students' level of science achievement and the type of curriculum and (c) the weak but significant relationship between performance in the science practical skills and the students' modes of cognitive style have important implications for teachers who are concerned about the intended effects of changes in the science curriculum on the consequent learning behaviour or cognitive outcome of their students.     

Interview Procedures for Validating Science Assessments

This study investigates the usefulness of small-scale interview studies as a means to explore the validity of science achievement tests in several formats. Interviews and observations were conducted with 41 high school students taking multiple-choice and constructed-response science items, and with 49 fifth- and sixth-grade students completing hands-on science tasks. The procedure provided support for interpretations of subscales of achievement, identified some of the reasoning processes and sources of knowledge that students applied to the tasks, and revealed ways in which the strategies applied by successful and unsuccessful students differed. The importance of conducting small-scale, qualitative interview studies as part of the test validation process is discussed.     

完形填空题型分析解题步骤与技巧

完形填空是英语专业四级考试的基本测试题型，其目的是测试学生运用语言的综合能力。针对考生所面临的问题，对完形填空进行题型分析，总结解题步骤与技巧，并针对考生的复习备考提出指导性建议。     

Creating a Context for the Learning of Science Process Skills Through Picture Books

This article provides suggestions on ways in which science process skills can be taught in a meaningful context through children’s literature. It is hoped that the following examples of how process skills can be taught using children’s books will provide a starting point from which primary teachers can create additional examples. Many possibilities exist within the world of children’s literature to develop process skills in a meaningful way.     

Assessing Student Problem-Solving Skills

This article examines the structure of several HIV risk behaviors in an ethnically and geographically diverse sample of 8,251 clients from 10 innovative demonstration projects intended for adolescents living with, or at risk for, HIV. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified 2 risk factors for men (sexual intercourse with men and a general risk factor) and 3 factors for women (sexual intercourse with men, substance abuse, and a high risky sex behavior factor). All factors except women engaging in risky sex with men strongly predicted known HIV status of clients for men and women. The findings from this investigation highlight the use of structural equation modeling for applied problems involving overlapping and complex sets of risk behaviors in youth who present at community health programs.     

Teaching Counseling Skills Through Self-Management Procedures

Counseling skills can be learned through self-management programs, as well as through more traditional methods. The benefits of self-management in counselor training are discussed, and an outline of an applicable procedure for self-change projects is detailed. Two examples of completed self-managed change in counselor behavior are included.     

科学过程技能及其培养策略

生物学科学探究能力的形成是建立在动作技能、认知技能与探究技能整合的科学过程技能的基础之上。分析科学过程技能及其分类,科学过程技能与能力的关系,探讨培养学生过程技能的策略,使其促进学生学习素养的提高。     

Knowledge and Skills for PISA—Assessing the Assessment

This article gives a critique of the methodology of OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). It is argued that PISA is invalidated by the fact that the methodology chosen does not constitute an adequate operationalisation of the question of inquiry. Therefore, contrary to the claims of PISA, PISA is not an assessment of the 'knowledge and skills for life' of students, but only of 'knowledge and skills in assessment situations'. Even this latter form of assessment is not fully reliable, however, because of problems at the level of concrete test items and because of an inherent confusion of relative and absolute evaluation.     

Multidimensional Factor-Analysis-Based Procedures for Assessing Scalability in Personality Measurement

Most personality tests are made up of Likert-type items and analyzed by means of factor analysis (FA). In this type of application, the fit of the model at the level of individual respondents is almost never assessed. This article proposes procedures for assessing individual fit (scalability). The procedures are intended for the analysis of multitrait personality questionnaires, and based on the multiple FA model. A general assessment procedure is described, and 2 multidimensional scalability indexes that use the chi-square and normal distribution are proposed. These indexes are derived both as residual measures and as likelihood-based person-fit measures, and their relations with some item-response, theory-based measures is discussed. The indexes are proposed mainly as first-step exploratory devices, and procedures for obtaining further information about the possible causes of misfit are also discussed. The behavior of the indexes is assessed in simulation studies, and the general procedure is illustrated by means of an empirical example.     

语言技能与科学课程学习

语言是交流和思维的工具,新课程背景下强调学生的自主学习、合作学习和探究学习,强调学生与教师、学生与学生的交流,这对学生的语言技能提出了新要求,探讨科学语言与日常语言的不同,弄清语言技能对科学学习的影响,对促进学生语言技能与科学素质的共同发展具有现实意义。     

An Analysis of High School Students' Performance on Five Integrated Science Process Skills

This study determined Jamaican high school students' level of performance on five integrated science process skills and if there were statistically significant differences in their performance linked to their gender, grade level, school location, school type, student type and socio-economic background (SEB). The 305 subjects comprised 133 males, 172 females, 146 ninth graders, 159 10th graders, 150 traditional and 155 comprehensive high school students, 164 students from the Reform of Secondary Education (ROSE) project and 141 non-ROSE students, 166 urban and 139 rural students and 110 students from a high SEB and 195 from a low SEB. Data were collected with the authors' constructed integrated science process skills test the results indicated that the subjects' mean score was low and unsatisfactory; their performance in decreasing order was: interpreting data, recording data, generalising, formulating hypotheses and identifying variables; there were statistically significant differences in their performance based on their grade level, school type, student type, and SEB in favour of the 10th graders, traditional high school students, ROSE students and students from a high SEB. There was a positive, statistically significant and fairly strong relationship between their performance and school type, but weak relationships among their student type, grade level and SEB and performance.     

科技汉语英译的主要技巧

根据校译体会提出了科技汉语英译应遵从明确、通顺、简练的原则,科技汉语英译时常用合并、倒装等手段,并根据具体情况采用词性转换,加词、减词等手法进行翻译。     

The Effect of Guided-Inquiry Instruction on 6th Grade Turkish Students' Achievement,Science Process Skills,and Attitudes Toward Science

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of guided-inquiry approach in science classes over existing science and technology curriculum in developing content-based science achievement, science process skills, and attitude toward science of grade level 6 students in Turkey. Non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used to investigate the treatment effect. There were 162 students in the experimental group and 142 students in the control group. Both the experimental and control group students took the Achievement Test in Reproduction, Development, and Growth in Living Things (RDGLT), Science Process Skills Test, and Attitudes Toward Science Questionnaire, as pre-test and post-test. Repeated analysis of variance design was used in analyzing the data. Both the experimental and control group students were taught in RDGLT units for 22 class hours. The results indicated the positive effect of guided-inquiry approach on the Turkish students' cognitive as well as affective characteristics. The guided inquiry enhanced the experimental group students' understandings of the science concepts as well as the inquiry skills more than the control group students. Similarly, the experimental group students improved their attitudes toward science more than the control group students as a result of treatment. The guided inquiry seems a transition between traditional teaching method and student-centred activities in the Turkish schools.     

科技论文摘要的编写

介绍了科技论文摘要的类型及其构成要素 ,探讨了科技论文摘要的编写要求 ,列举并分析了科技论文摘要编写中常见的几种错误     

初中科学表现性评价的研制

初中科学表现性评价试题的命制有立意、情境和任务设计三要素。首先要确立能力立意,主要考查学生在运用科学知识和技能解决问题的过程中,所表现的科学探究、科学表达和团队合作的能力。其次要采编真实的情境材料,情境材料要与学生生活和学习经验相匹配,要关注地域文化差异与公平,情境类型要多样化;编制试题情境时要进行适度的整理与简化,要图文并茂,以增强可读性。最后,根据试题立意和情境进行任务设计,通过编制三维细目表,并据此设问,精心设计表现性的任务。     

高校科技英语类文章的阅读技巧

科技英语类文章在英语阅读材料中居于偏难的程度,其句式严谨,语言具有逻辑性,同时词汇专业性强,不过,再长再难的句子,仔细推敲,还是有一定的阅读技巧,该文按照信息获取,分类,整合的步骤,介绍了一种行之相对有效的方法,可以缓解读者对于此类文章的困扰。     

基于科学素养的小学科学学业测评

科学教育的目的是培养学生的科学素养,这已成为科学教育界的共识。现代科学教育强调学生掌握科学领域的核心知识、发展科学思维、提升运用科学解决问题的意识和能力。目前,小学科学测评仍以考查科学知识识记为主,制约了科学教学改革。本文基于山西省近几年小学科学学业测评实践,分析小学科学学业测评的现状,思考基于科学素养的小学科学学业测评的内容和方法,以期通过有效测评引领科学教学改革,促进学生科学素养提升。     

Assessing Acquiescence in Binary Responses: IRT-Related Item-Factor-Analytic Procedures

This article proposes procedures for assessing acquiescence in a balanced set of binary personality items. These procedures are based on the bidimensional item-factor analysis model, which is an alternative parameterization of the bidimensional 2-parameter normal-ogive item response theory model. First the rationale and general approach are described. Then methods for specifying and fitting the model and for estimating the individual factor scores, are discussed, as well as several validity criteria for supporting the suitability of the proposed solution. Finally, we illustrate the procedures using empirical data and discuss their usefulness for applied personality measurement.     

English for Scientific Purposes (EScP): Technology,Trends, and Future Challenges for Science Education

To date, the concept of English for Specific Purposes has brought about a great impact on English language learning across various disciplines, including those in science education. Hence, this review paper aimed to address current English language learning in the science disciplines through the practice of computer-assisted language learning to identify the use of learning technologies in science-based literacy. In the literature review, the researchers found that science-based literacy instruction shares many pedagogical aims with English language teaching in terms of reading, writing, listening and speaking, allowing it to be classified as English for Scientific Purposes (EScP). To answer the research questions, the researchers conducted the survey by extracting related articles and teaching examples from the Web of Science. In the search procedure, the researchers used the keywords science OR scientific AND technolog* OR comput* in ten selected journals of social science citation index. Only articles which are specified as journal articles rather than other document types were included. After compiling the corpora, the researchers compared the trends, methodologies and results of EScP instruction in science education. The implications of this study include the opportunities, advantages and challenges for EScP instruction in science education to further develop better educational approaches, adopt new technologies, as well as offer some directions for researchers to conduct future studies.     

美国PADI：学生科学探究能力评价模式初探

科学探究是当代理科课程中的核心议题,如何评价学生的科学探究能力是理科课程改革的新挑战。美国PADI计划为评价科学探究提供了以证据为中心的概念框架,从要评价的科学探究的标准、探究任务的特征到评价论据等多方面对设计模式的结构进行了说明,并且具有良好的操作性,同时也为评价理科课程的其他内容提供了新的思路与方法。