解读日本新订高中理科课程标准

日本政府大约每10年对中小学课程标准进行一次改订。2009年3月,日本文部科学省颁布了新订高中理科课程标准。全面、深入解读日本新订高中理科课程的改订动因与背景、改订基本方针与课程总目标、改善事项与科目构成以及科目性质、目标与内容和改订的突出特点,对于完善和加强我国高中理科课程改革具有重要启示和借鉴意义。     

School Effects in Scottish Secondary Schools

The present paper examines whether there is significant variation in schooling outcomes between Scottish secondary schools, and if so, how much is associated with pupil intake, and how much is associated with the schools they attend. It also examines whether schools vary in their effectiveness for different types of pupils, and whether schools tend to be superior, or inferior, across three different outcome measures. The study employed a subsample of data from the 1977 Scottish School Leavers Survey on over 700 pupils from 15 schools in one administrative division. These data were linked to data on the verbal reasoning quotients of the pupils, derived from a test administered to them before they entered secondary school. For each of the 15 schools we estimated the expected scores on measures of English, arithmetic and overall attainment for pupils with below average, average, and above average ability, controlling for pupils’ verbal ability, gender, prestige of father's occupation, mother's education, and number of siblings. The study shows there was wide variation in schooling outcomes between secondary schools in the division, even after controlling for family background characteristics and pupil ability prior to entering secondary school. There were few schools that were particularly effective for low ability pupils, but not high ability pupils and vice versa. Schools tended to be effective, or ineffective, across all three outcome measures.     

日本新修订高中学习指导要领与理科课程的新变化

2009年3月日本文部科学省公布新修订《高中学习指导要领》,高中阶段的理科课程设置结构、课程类型、修业方式均出现了新的变化,不仅新设了科学与人类生活和理科课题研究两门综合性的课程,而且物理、化学、生物、地学各科课程的目标、内容构成以及学习方式也在新课程理念的影响下发生了新的变化。     

Evaluating the FRIENDS programme in a Scottish setting

This study used an “indicated prevention” approach to attempt to replicate very positive international evaluations of the FRIENDS for Life programme. Using standardised self‐report measures of anxiety, low mood and self esteem with groups of children from four schools, the study found significant improvements in all of these measures following the 10‐week programme, which were sustained four months later. Positive findings were also obtained from an examination of the programme’s impact on children’s social skills. Implications for improving emotional well‐being and educational outcomes for children in Scottish schools are discussed.     

Science learning via multimedia portal resources: The Scottish case

Scotland's rich heritage in the field of science and engineering and recent curricular developments led to major investment in education to equip pupils with improved scientific knowledge and skills. However, due to its abstract and conceptual nature, learning science can be challenging. Literature supports the role of multimedia technology in addressing the difficulties associated with science learning. This paper reports on a two‐phase investigation that explored the impact of multimedia resources situated in a national e‐learning portal to (1) assist generalist and specialist science teachers' teaching practices and (2) stimulate pupils' interest, encourage engagement and improve overall science learning experiences. Our research also investigated how portal resources facilitated and/or acted as barriers for teaching and learning. Findings from our research affirm that multimedia technology has transformed science learning; with these resources accessible through a national portal, radically different learning experiences ensued. These findings raise serious implications for teacher education and professional development in ensuring that teachers acquire sound science content and pedagogical knowledge as well as practical strategies for utilising technology‐rich environments, as this is likely to become the norm. Harnessing the fullest potential that information and communication technology, multimedia and e‐learning portals can offer starts by addressing these challenges.     

Measuring cognitive achievement gaps and inequalities: The case of Brazil

This paper introduces a new measure of educational inequalities based on cognitive achievement data, and uses it to examine achievement inequalities in mathematics between groups of students enrolled in basic education in Brazil. The groups of students are defined by their race, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and region of residence. The Brazilian system of basic education currently produces poor results with respect to both quality and equity. The paper recommends that Brazil should work, concomitantly, to improve the achievement levels of its students and to close the cognitive gaps observed among different groups of students. Placing emphasis on just one of these goals is not an adequate public policy at this time. Proposals for carrying out these reforms can be classified as input or management strategies and are briefly discussed.     

美国《国家科学教育标准》倡导的课堂评价

美国《国家科学教育标准》倡导在课堂教学中实施形成性评价,形成性评价的一般模式,师生均需明确的问题:学生想达到什么目标?学生现在所处的是什么位置?如何能够达到目标?评价要遵循平等原则、有效性原则和可靠性原则。评价的重点要转向最被重视的内容、"活性"知识、科学理解力和推理能力、学生的进步和成绩及学习机会、学生自我评价以及教师参与外部评价。课堂评价还需要着力避免走进误区。     

The National Curriculum and Standards in Primary Schools: A comparative perspective

A comparison is made of the standards in primary school mathematics in England and Cyprus, drawing upon national curricula, content of textbooks and data from international comparisons of attainment. Standards are conceptualised in three ways: expected, planned and realised. It is demonstrated that high expected and high planned standards, as set in national curricula and textbooks, are not associated with high realised standards. Four possible explanations are explored and policy issues associated with national standard setting are discussed. The value of setting national curriculum standards and targets by reference to comparative international data is raised.     

The Next Generation Science Standards: The Features and Challenges

Beginning in January of 2010, the Carnegie Corporation of New York funded a two-step process to develop a new set of state developed science standards intended to prepare students for college and career readiness in science. These new internationally benchmarked science standards, the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) were completed in April of 2013. From his perspective as the coordinator of the development of the NGSS, the author discusses the background regarding the development, key features and some of the challenges ahead in implementing the NGSS.     

Curriculum Development and HM Inspection of Schools: A Scottish case-study

HM Inspectors of Schools in Scotland, alongside their inspection role, have a responsibility to give a lead in curriculum development, including the provision of professional advice to the Scottish Executive Education Department (SEED), (formerly the Scottish Office Education and Industry Department (SOEID)) and Scottish government ministers. This paper looks at the relationship between the two aspects as seen through the eyes of inspected schools, within the context of broader aspects of the duality of role with its potential both for harmony and conflict.     

财政风险的衡量标准及其测算

赤字是衡量财政风险的简单、可衡量指标,但转轨国家往往通过隐性债务来转移财政支出压力,真实赤字应该包括隐性债务赤字.从赤字融资方式解释,财政赤字率、隐性债务赤字率和政府收入赤字率等三种口径赤字率有着严密的逻辑关系.其中,政府收入赤字率包括财政赤字率和隐性债务赤字率.1980年以来我国财政赤字率都在3%之内,但政府收入赤字率围绕10%波动.控制隐性债务是防范化解财政风险的根本举措.     

中日小学科学课程标准比较研究

2008年3月日本在新<学习指导要领>正式实施6年的基础上,出台了小学理科学习指导要领--最新修改案.通过对其深入分析,并从整体结构框架、课程目标、课程内容三个维度与我国全日制义务教育科学(3-6年级)课程标准(实验稿)进行比较研究,旨在为我国正在开展的小学科学课程标准修订工作和科学教育实施提供参考.     

The impact of formative assessment on student achievement: A study of the effects of changes to classroom practice after a comprehensive professional development programme

A random sample of 22 Year 4 teachers in mathematics from a middle-sized Swedish municipality participated in a teacher professional development programme in formative assessment. The content of the programme was formative assessment conceptualised as a unity of different, integrated strategies. The study examines the effects on student achievement of the changes in the teachers’ formative classroom practice that followed the professional development input. Results show that, after controlling for pretest scores, the classes in the intervention group significantly outperformed the classes in the control group in a posttest administered one school year after the end of the programme (p = 0.036, d = 0.66). The study contributes to the understanding of under-studied areas of the impact of professional development in formative assessment, and the impact of teacher practice based on formative assessment conceptualised as a unity of different formative assessment strategies.     

我国小学科学课程发展的过程及特点

了解我国小学科学课程的发展历史,对指导当今的科学课程改革意义重大。我国小学科学课程的发展历经百年,可以划分为四个时期,在简述四个时期的发展过程及特点时,并对《国家小学科学课程标准》与新《科学》教材的一些特色作了分析。     

Opportunities Lost: The Pendulum in the USA National Science Education Standards

This article is based on my recent book Time for Science Education (Plenum Publishers, 1998). It begins with the treatment afforded the pendulum in the US National Science Education Standards, and a number of other contemporary curriculum documents. It notes that all of these documents advocate liberal, or wide, goals for science education, including students understanding something of the historical and cultural significance of science. It notes that all the documents ignore the very significant role played by the pendulum in the foundation of modern science, in solving the longitude problem, and in enabling the first accurate clocks to be constructed. There are thus lost opportunities for realising the laudable goals that the Standards set for US science education. Finally, it is claimed that realising these cultural goals for science education requires that the history and philosophy of science be more routinely incorporated into preservice and inservice courses for science teachers.