Court-Defined Job Analysis Requirements for Validation of Teacher Certification Tests

What are the implications for teacher certification tests as courts begin to interpret the need for using a job analysis as a basis for testing? What is the character of recent court cases related to teacher certification tests?     

Within the teacher evaluation policies black box: two case studies

This paper analyzes the relationship between teacher evaluation policies in Chile and Uruguay, teacher professional development, and teacher performance effectiveness. The analysis tries to understand the extent to which the existing processes for teacher evaluation stimulate an improvement in the quality of teaching. The comparison of two national cases with similar educational results but radically different educational policies allows the authors to take a close look within the ‘black box’ of educational policy-making. The paper is based on in-depth analysis of the PISA survey to heads of schools and in-depth interviews with teachers, heads, and key informants. The paper finds that policies aiming to strengthen teacher development and teacher performance through teacher evaluation cannot be understood in dichotomist ways; lack of attention to teachers’ perspectives and unintended effects of policy implementation can lead to marginal effects. Uruguay, where teacher evaluation policies have weak practical effects, has managed to obtain similar educational results to Chile. However, the experience of Chile shows that teacher evaluation can have an effect on teacher professional development and, in the long run, this may have an effect on the quality of teaching and student results.     

Legal and Psychometric Criteria for Evaluating Teacher Certification Tests

Will our teacher certification testing program stand up to a court challenge? What are the critical issues the courts consider in examining teacher certification testing? What do we need to do to strengthen our program legally and psychometrically?     

Teacher evaluation in China: latest trends and future directions

With the implementation of teacher performance pay in 2009 in China, teacher performance evaluation has become a heated topic. This research study follows up on two previous studies of teacher evaluation in China and continues the dialog by analyzing the latest trends in the context of teacher performance pay. There were two sources of information for this article: academic journal articles and teacher evaluation practices of two schools from Beijing. Seven themes were derived from a content analysis of the academic journal articles: (a) studies on teacher evaluation within the context of curriculum reform, (b) methods of teacher evaluation, (c) studies of miscellaneous responses, (d) studies on developmental teacher evaluation, (e) studies on teacher performance evaluation, (f) studies on teacher effectiveness, and (g) philosophical thoughts of teacher evaluation. The two cases of teacher evaluation practices revealed some changes since the implementation of teacher performance pay, such as a more comprehensive teacher evaluation system.     

How schools train principals to use new teacher evaluation systems: A comparative case study of charter school and traditional public school principals

Over the past decade U.S. policymakers, practitioners, and researchers have sought to examine if changing teacher evaluation policies and systems have resulted in changes in identifying quality teachers and/or increased student achievement. This research generally shows most states have experienced little change in how teachers are rated. Researchers are now exploring why, in many cases, teacher evaluation reforms have failed to produce the desired systematic changes of better identifying quality teachers and better distinguishing teacher performance. Embedded within this line of inquiry is how principals (and other evaluators) are trained to use new teacher evaluation systems. This comparative case study observed six principals (three charter school principals and three traditional public school principals) in the U.S. state of Michigan as they learned and enacted a new teacher evaluation system. Additionally, all principals were interviewed three times throughout the school year, in an effort to examine how their initial teacher evaluation training impacted their evaluation of teachers. The research questions that guided this work were: (1) how are principals initially trained when their school adopts a new teacher evaluation system?; (2) in what ways does the training received by charter school principals compare to that of traditional public school principals?; and (3) how does initial training impact how principals evaluate teachers? Results indicate principals are trained to navigate the logistics of new teacher evaluation systems, but are not trained to evaluate teacher performance. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

美国教师教育中对实习生的评价研究——以马塞诸塞州某州立大学教育学院为例

本研究以美国马塞诸塞州某州立大学教育学院为案例,对美国职前教师教育中实习生的评价体系作了研究。美国职前教师教育中对实习生有系统而全面的评价标准,SIOP和PPA是重要的评价工具,评价指标体系具体、清晰,评价主体多元且权责明确,并且实习成绩与教师资格证的申请紧密相关,这些对我国教师教育中的实习管理都有借鉴意义。     

韩国的教师评价制度研究

韩国的现行教师评价制度属于接近手段志向性,教师评价的实行成为人事行政高效行使机能的机制,手段志向性的接近主要着重于监督所有职员是否具有最低水平的能力,这对教师自身质量的发展影响不大,存在着进一步发展的限制.由于教师评价的最终目的是扩展教师的专业性并且提高教育的质量,因此教师评价应该将重点放在为了个人和组织发展与变化的学术的机能上,以接近发展志向性方向.这一研究将为韩国乃至中国今后在开发专业教师评价模型提供基础资料.     

日本教师教育认证的制度建构及其启示

"构建以教师教育标准体系为核心的教师教育质量保障制度"已成为当前我国教师教育改革的核心关注,然而目前我国教师教育评估的理论建构与实务经验都明显不足,难以为政策的制定及执行提供科学参考。有鉴于此,本文聚焦于日本教师教育认证制度,对其产生背景、政策法规、认证框架、权责机构、实施程序等进行系统的分析和归纳,并在此基础上进一步针对我国教师教育评估的现实问题,以日本的经验为参照,分析当前我国教师教育评估制度建构的主要任务和挑战,从而为建构适应中国国情的教师教育评估体系和质量保障制度提供参考。     

The value and feasibility of evaluation research on teacher development: contrasting experiences in Sri Lanka and Mexico

This article discusses the value and feasibility of carrying out evaluation research on teacher development and uses as points of reference the author's experiences in two countries, Sri Lanka and Mexico. In Sri Lanka, an evaluation study was designed to understand the effectiveness and costs of teacher development at the elementary level linking teacher preparation with classroom practice and student achievement. The study also evaluated costs and analyzed the possible impact of the results for future policy. The study in Mexico illustrates the challenges of doing evaluation research in an environment dominated by a central state and teacher union politics, and where systemic empirical research on teacher development has been rare. It constituted an initial attempt at looking at the content and the anticipated effects across different approaches to teacher development in Mexico. New calls for greater accountability and better understanding of the reach and limitations of general education worldwide are prompting systems to examine teacher development program effectiveness. In this analytical article, the author discusses strategies and possibilities in the emerging field of teacher development program evaluation.     

地方本科院校教师工作绩效评价的问题反思与理念重构

地方本科院校教师工作绩效评价的问题主要表现在主体性迷失、价值理性遮蔽、动力性缺失。反思并追问这些问题是确立地方本科院校教师绩效评价新理念的前提。地方本科院校教师绩效评价理念重构表现在:互动共进,教师工作绩效评价引领学校愿望与教师期望相匹配;科学有效,教师工作绩效评价实施注重刚性与弹性相辉映;多元激励,教师工作绩效评价完善教师工作显能与潜能相结合。     

Validity on Trial: Psychometric and Legal Conceptualizations of Validity

The psychometric literature is replete with comprehensive discussions of test validity, test validation, and the characteristics of quality assessment programs. The most authoritative source for guidance regarding sound test development and evaluation practices is the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. However, the Standards are not legally binding. In this article, we review the way in which validity is conceptualized in the Standards and compare this conceptualization with validity evidence presented in specific court cases involving legal challenges to tests. Our review indicates that, in general, there is strong congruence between the Standards and how validity is viewed in the courts, and that testing agencies that conform to these guidelines are likely to withstand legal scrutiny. However, the courts have taken a more practical, less theoretical view on validity and tend to emphasize evidence based on test content and testing consequences.     

当前美国中小学教师评价的特点及其启示

加强教师评价改革是美国以提高学生学业成绩为核心，促进教师素质和专业水平发展的重要举措。本文分析了美国教师评价出现的评价双重目的的统一，个别化督导与评价体系、评价聚集于学生的学习、教师档案袋等特点，由此展开了对我国当前教师评价改革的几点思考。     

美国教师评价的发展历程与最新改革动向

美国教师评价发展经历了三个阶段：以教师个性特征为评价重点：建立职业教师评价体系；教师评价成为教育改革的主攻方向。目前最新改革动向是建立以学习者为中心的课堂评价体系和开展熟练教师认证工作。美国教师评价改革趋势是把教师评价与学生学习结果的衡量有机结合,这为我国教师评价改革提供了一定的借鉴。     

论建构主义视野下的教师评价

教师评价是一项极其复杂的工作,虽然传统教师评价在一定程度上发挥了其积极作用,但也有其不可避免的弊端。特别是在建构主义多元化、发展性教育评价广泛运用的今天,传统教师评价显然不能适应时代的要求。建构主义教师评价具有多维性、动态性和发展性特征。建构主义教师评价确立了教师的主体性地位,关注教师的个别性和差异性,凸显了教师评价对教师专业发展的作用和功能。     

The common core conundrum: To what extent should we worry that changes to assessments will affect test-based measures of teacher performance?

Policies that require the use of information about student achievement to evaluate teacher performance are becoming increasingly common across the United States, but there is some question as to how or whether to use student test-based teacher evaluations when student assessments change. We bring empirical evidence to bear on this issue. Specifically, we examine how estimates of teacher value-added are influenced by assessment changes across 12 test transitions in two subjects and five states. In all of the math transitions we study, value-added measures from test change years and stable regime years are broadly similar in terms of their statistical properties and informational content. This is also true for some of the reading transitions; we do find, however, some cases in which an assessment change in reading meaningfully alters value-added measures. Our study directly informs contemporary policy debates about how to evaluate teachers when new assessments are introduced and provides a general analytic framework for examining employee evaluation policies in the face of changing evaluation metrics.     

AI赋能教师教育评价的内涵和路径

AI赋能教师教育评价的内涵是AI与教师教育评价进行深度有机融合,在特定教师教育价值观的指导下,依据明确的教师教育目标,使用AI技术和方法,对所实施的各种教育活动、教育过程和教育结果进行科学判定。与以往教师教育评价相比,AI赋能教师教育评价在评价模型、参与主体、获取数据、分析诊断、评价反馈等方面具有鲜明特征。AI赋能教师教育评价的框架由五个层面和一个保障体系构成。在实践中,AI赋能教师教育评价可通过更新观念、规范标准、挖掘数据、支持专业等路径整体推进,以构建智能高效的教师教育评价体系。     

教学专业与教师发展——美国教师评鉴指标分析

本文以加州和威斯康星州两州为例,讨论美国教师评鉴制度。首先介绍美国教师评鉴制度的历史发展,以窥见一套原本以总结性评鉴为思考模式的评鉴制度,如何发展至今重视教师发展的形成性评鉴制度。其次,介绍《加州教学专业标准》和《威斯康星州教师发展与证照标准》两份文件中的理念与目标,规准与指针,及实施的流程;分析教学专业与教师发展的意义如何呈现在评鉴的流程之中。     

关于保证我国人民法院司法公正的思考

公正与效率是人民法院在21世纪的工作主题。为此,人民法院要结合工作中出现的新情况、新问题,不断深化改革、强化管理,杜绝因事实认定不清、审判程序不合法、裁判结果不公正的案件,努力提高办案的质量和效率,确保司法公正。     

Teacher Evaluation in Cyprus: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues Arising from Teacher and School Effectiveness Research

A critical analysis of policy on teacher evaluation in Cyprus identifies some weaknesses in current practice. It is argued that findings from teacher and school effectiveness studies could be a foundation upon which a more valid teacher evaluation system in Cyprus could be built. It is further argued that limitations in teacher and school effectiveness studies conducted discretely suggest that joint teacher/school effectiveness research should be conducted. Two complementary approaches to improving teacher evaluation in Cyprus are explored. The first is focused on the use of research findings and methodology to improve the existing policy. The second is to complement such an improved system with a school-based self-evaluation approach. Finally, the potential of a self-evaluation approach for locating some power and control over defining effectiveness in the schools and teachers, rather than exclusively in the government is discussed.