台湾滥用抗生素 病毒抗药性大增

在台湾滥用抗生素导致抗药性问题严重,约有66％至83％的肺炎链球菌对青霉素产生抗药性,83％至93％的肺炎链球菌对红霉素产生抗药性,而肠球菌已对万古霉素产生抗药性。医学界相当担心如果万古霉素都无效了,未来可能连小小的喉痛及耳炎都找不到药来医。     

有抗药性的病毒

艾滋病人出现抗药性病毒。自从发现青霉素以来，细菌总是以产生突变来改变敏感性从而达到回避抗菌素的目的。然而现在发现病毒也对药物有抗性。由抗药性病毒引起的第一批严重的进行性感染是在艾滋病人记录到的。虽然目前已鉴定的抗药性病毒株还没有一种会侵袭一般人群，但是一些病毒学家说这一发现表明艾滋病人有可能携带其他的抗药性病毒而引起更大的威胁。     

肺炎衣原体的培养及对人脐带静脉内皮细胞的感染

目的：研究肺炎衣原体的培养及其对人脐带静脉内皮细胞的感染。方法：以人喉表皮癌（HEP－2）细胞培养肺炎衣原体并感染人肺带静脉内皮细胞，光镜及电镜下观察感染情况并计包涵体数。结果：肺炎衣原体能在HEP－2细胞内培养并能感染人肺带静脉内皮细胞，感染后72h，包涵体数最多，96h后仍可见肺炎衣原体在人肺带静脉内皮细胞内存活。结论：肺炎衣原体能感染并存活于人肺带静脉内皮细胞，能导致动脉内膜感染。     

猪链球菌与巴氏杆菌混合感染的诊断与治疗

近年来猪感染链球菌及巴氏杆菌日趋严重,特别是在夏、秋季节,天气闷热潮湿,适合链球菌及巴氏杆菌等细菌的繁殖与生长。因而感染率也较高。临床上病猪多以急性败血症、关节炎、肺炎为主要特征。部分猪在感染后,表现为呼吸困难、站立不稳、跛行,严重者最终衰竭而死。本实验在临床上对病例进行治疗,应用兽医神针及其他对症药物进行综合治疗,结果证明应用兽医神针治疗猪链球菌与巴氏杆菌混合感染有一定的治疗效果,为以后临床上治疗此病提供了依据。     

nature

正对埃博拉有抗病毒活性的一种小分子药物Nature封面:2014年10月由西班牙红十字会在马德里举行的一次埃博拉病毒培训活动结束之后晾干的保护服。Nature杂志第7594期封面文章报道了一种小分子药物GS-5734。该药物分子对埃博拉病毒和其他线状病毒有抗病毒活性,对试验中采用的100%的被感染猕猴能提供针对埃博拉病毒的接触后保护。现在,在临床试验中,该药物以依赖于病毒RNA的RNA聚合     

PM2.5污染对有氧代谢运动肺部感染特性分析

目的:研究PM2.5不同污染等级对有氧代谢运动肺部感染特性,为PM2.5污染下预防肺部感染提供有效防护和锻炼指导。方法:以至少有2年晨练经历的436名锻炼爱好者为研究对象,每天坚持锻炼1小时,通过为期3个月的跟踪测试,分析不同PM2.5污染对于有氧代谢运动者的肺部感染影响。结果:全组有氧代谢受试对象共436例,PM2.5轻度污染,产生明显肺部感染的52例,感染率为11.9%,PM2.5中度污染下,产生明显肺部感染的104例,感染率为23.9%,PM2.5重度污染下,产生明显肺部感染的150例,感染发生率为34.5%。且肺部受感染后,感染症状不典型。X线检查结果特征表现为:41%受试对象表现为小片状阴影阻塞性肺炎,59%受试对象表现为大片浸润样阴影阻塞肺不张。结论:PM2.5污染对肺部感染影响较大,PM2.5中度以上污染,肺部感染概率上升,感染结果严重,应减少不必要的户外运动。     

老年患者下呼吸道感染革兰阴性菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:探讨某院呼吸内科老年患者下呼吸道感染革兰阴性菌的分布及其耐药性,指导临床治疗。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月-2014年12月老年患者下呼吸道感染染革兰阴性菌的分布及其耐药性;采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK2 compact进行菌株鉴定,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)2014年标准判读结果。结果:分离出的217株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌有156株(71.9%),前4位为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素及氨曲南的耐药率较高,分别为96.6%、88.1%、81.4%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为0。结论:老年患者下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,临床上应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

头孢哌酮钠中关于残留溶剂的测定的方法研究

头孢哌酮钠为第三代广谱半合成头孢菌素,能对抗多种β内酰胺酶的降解作用,抗菌谱广,对革兰阳性菌及阴性菌均有作用,如金葡菌（包括产生或不产生青霉素酶的菌株）、肺炎链球菌、大部β溶血性链球菌株、大肠杆菌、克雷白杆菌属、产柠檬酸菌属、流感嗜血杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、普通变形杆菌、沙门菌属和志贺菌属、绿脓杆菌、淋病奈瑟菌及脑膜炎奈瑟菌等。临床上主要用于敏感菌引起的各种感染,如呼吸系统感染、腹膜炎、胆囊炎、肾孟肾炎、尿路感染、脑膜炎、败血症、骨和关节感染、盆腔炎、子宫内膜炎、淋病、皮肤及软组织感染等。为了严格控制产品质量,在残留溶剂项下增加了丙酮及异丙醇的测定,目前,中国药典还没有收录,根据现有的试验条件。采用气相色谱法对头孢哌酮钠中的残留溶剂进行了研究分析。     

校园网ARP攻击及防护

当校园网内某台主机感染ARP病毒后,就会启动ARP欺骗的木马程序,造成网络刚开始时断时续,最终导致网络瘫痪,影响用户正常使用网络。本文从ARP原理出发,根据ARP病毒攻击原理,利用交换机带有的ARP技术来对ARP病毒进行有效的解决提供一些方案。     

“食肉菌”真会吃肉吗

正流言:广州一位老人被螃蟹夹伤后不治身亡,引发了人们对螃蟹体内食肉菌的恐慌。部分民众认为食肉菌就是一种能吃肉的细菌。真相:食肉菌并非指一种细菌,而是引发坏死性筋膜炎、肌肉组织损坏的一类细菌的总称。其中最常见的致病原有化脓链球菌和创伤弧菌,其他的还有葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等。感染这种细菌后如果不能尽快切     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.