Ohne Schulabschluss in die Berufsausbildung: Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittuntersuchung

Young people who leave school without obtaining a secondary school certificate bear an increased risk of not completing vocational training and being excluded from stable employment in their working life. However, some of these young people do achieve access to vocational training and employment. Based on a longitudinal study of school-to-work transitions of a representative sample of graduates from Praxisklassen in Bavaria (a course especially designed for potential school drop outs at the lower secondary school – Hauptschule), patterns of transition that lead into vocational training and employment are compared with patterns that end up in exclusion from education, training and employment. Determinants of successful transitions, which can be targeted by pedagogical measures, are inter alia: participation in internships in enterprises during the last year of schooling, help and support received from parents and professional career guidance. However, besides these influential factors, regional labor market conditions are important for a successful school-to-work transition. This close link to the labor market ultimately limits the effects of educational interventions.     

Issues in the school-to-work transition of hard of hearing adolescents

Career theorists emphasize the importance of the development of career maturity in adolescents if they are to successfully negotiate the school-to-work transition. Transitions of deaf and hard of hearing adolescents may be especially problematic. The authors examine the implications of current labor market trends for young people, in particular those with hearing loss, and review data on employment outcomes for deaf and hard of hearing people. They discuss the environmental and attitudinal barriers that can influence the career outcomes of this population, consider the impact of hearing loss on adolescents' career maturity, and review the studies on this topic in the literature. The article focuses on the experiences of students with significant hearing loss who are educated in regular classes with the support of itinerant teachers, who communicate orally, and who may be defined as hard of hearing. Recommendations for research and practice are provided.     

Career Guidance and Counselling for Youth: What Adolescents and Young Adults are Telling Us

The area of career guidance and counselling for youth is undergoing rapid change in light of evolving expectations of young people as members of society and rapidly changing educational and career opportunities. This article summarizes previous research describing the perspectives of adolescents and young adults, and concludes that there is a need to re-examine the assumptions underlying career advising, guidance, and counselling programs offered to young people; and also to re-develop these services to better reflect current economic, career, and social realities.     

学习化社会的挑战与趋势——来自发达国家的经验

学习化社会的含义仍然处于争论之中,但是全世界至少是发达国家已经置身于这样的发展状态。目前,发达国家的学习化社会面临着竞争和技术革新、大量廉价劳动力的缺乏、老年人学习的需要、休闲时代和消费文化的冲击、风险社会的形成以及市场的挑战。面对这些挑战,西方视为新生的机遇,在学习化社会发展过程中表现出很有特色的教育发展趋势:全面整合国家教育系统和资源,在企业中培训职业适应性,推广员工发展计划,重新理解和阐释大学理念,提供灵活性学习指导以及运用信息技术实施开放性学习,等等。     

The career status of deaf women. A comparative look.

Discrepancies in labor force, occupation, and earnings outcomes were observed between men and women in a follow-up study of 4,900 deaf high school graduates who had responded to annual surveys conducted from 1982 to 1989. Reasons for the disparities were sought by further examination of the postsecondary programs undertaken, degrees earned, labor force activities, jobs held, and socioeconomic status. Despite efforts to expand career awareness and postsecondary programs for deaf people, deaf women continue to pursue a relatively narrow range of programs, leading to stereotypical female careers. Moreover, when women earn less than a bachelor's degree, they experience high underemployment and unemployment relative to deaf men and hearing peers. Without concerted intervention, this condition may be exacerbated as the labor market demands that workers be more professionally and technically trained in career areas where deaf females are yet underrepresented.     

《新西兰中学生涯教育自我评估标准》述评

随着世界经济一体化进程的不断推进,新的就职环境向年轻人提出了自主进行生涯规化的更高要求。新西兰就业中心通过制定一套从中等教育阶段到高等教育阶段完整的生涯教育评估标准,为中学生提供了系统、具有可操作性的生涯规划指南。该标准以学生的生涯管理能力为核心,以领导力、信息系统、项目与服务为依托,形成了以学生为中心、关注弱势群体、强调多方参与的特点。本文通过对这些标准的研究,以期对我国教育部门制定生涯教育的政筻以及中学开展生涯教育提供一定的借镜。     

An Educational Approach to Designing Computer-Based Career Guidance Systems

This paper, firstly, seeks to show why computer-based career guidance systems need to take on the educational role of helping people develop appropriate and effective ways of thinking about their career problems, rather than concentrating on the currently more orthodox role of trying to match people with occupational databases. Secondly, a computer program, called SELSTRA, which goes some way to developing in this educational direction is briefly described. The limitation of this alternative approach—its inability to identify and correct mistaken factual beliefs—is discussed. Finally a new generation of computer-based career guidance systems is anticipated which would synthesise the current approaches and transcend current weaknesses.     

Safety in stereotypes? The impact of gender and ‘race’ on young people's perceptions of their post‐compulsory education and labour market opportunities

This article examines the impact of gender and ‘race’ on young people's perceptions of the educational and labour market opportunities available to them after they complete their compulsory schooling in England. Its findings are based on a study of the views of girls and boys about the government‐supported ‘Apprenticeships’ programme, which, because it reflects labour market conditions, is highly gendered and also segregated by ethnicity. The research shows that young people receive very little practical information and guidance about the consequences of pursuing particular occupational pathways, and are not engaged in any formal opportunities to debate gender and ethnic stereotyping as related to the labour market. This is particularly worrying for females, who populate apprenticeships in sectors with lower completion rates and levels of pay, and which create less opportunity for progression. In addition, the research reveals that young people from non‐White backgrounds are more reliant on ‘official’ sources of guidance (as opposed to friends and families) for their labour market knowledge. The article argues that, because good‐quality apprenticeships can provide a strong platform for lifelong learning and career progression, young people need much more detailed information about how to compare a work‐based pathway with full‐time education. At the same time, they also need to understand that apprenticeships (and jobs more generally) in some sectors may result in very limited opportunities for career advancement.     

美国职业教育的认知和感悟

具有良好的体系,完备的功能、多元化的方式这就是美国职业教育。美国从事职业教育的学校紧贴社会需求设置课程及时调整专业类别,重在就业的岗位知识和技术技能的培训,学生根据劳动力市场变化需要选择自己的专业方向。当前我国的职业教育发展存在两种不同的取向。一方面人们认为职业教育就是就业教育,另一方面受发达国家职业生涯教育、关键能力等职业教育理念的影响,以及迫于我国现实的就业压力,人们认为职业教育要以人为本,不仅要满足于学生职业生涯规划发展的需要,还要加强职业素质及关键能力的培养,培养具有发展潜力的综合素质较高的高技能人才。     

论顶岗实习学生劳动安全的责任人及相关责任

高职学生在企业参与顶岗实习,是一种旨在使其能够顺利融入社会及职业,从学校过渡至劳动力市场的实践教学活动。实习学生既是人才市场的准劳动者、企业的准员工又是在校学生,他们的多重身份使得他们劳动安全的责任人有多个。我国当前对实习生的权益保护的法律尚不健全,这就需要各责任人认清自已的职责,切实保护实习学生权益,从而确保学生实习期间的人身安全。     

中西方大学生生涯辅导比较

西方国家的大学生生涯辅导起步早,专业化水平较高,呈现专业化、职业化、全程化、发展性的特点,而我国的大学生生涯辅导由于起步较晚,重视程度不够,仍保留着形式化、阶段化、职责化、功利性等特点。结合实际,我国应构建社会化、开放式和立体式的生涯辅导体系,建立全程化、全员化和个性化的生涯辅导模式,并培养职业化、专业化、专家化的师资队伍,以形成"本土化"的中国大学生生涯辅导。     

中央民族大学就业工作现状、问题及对策研究

中央民族大学近年来大力发展就业工作,明确就业工作指导思想、建立就业工作领导机制、大力开展制度建设与信息平台建设、扩大与用人单位的联系,采取加速发展战略、提升就业指导质量,并开始构建全程化职业辅导体系。但与此同时,就业工作仍存在市场开拓不足、就业调查有限、就业指导师资缺乏等一些具体问题,应针对这些问题加强对策研究,建立科学的、可持续发展的就业工作长效机制,确保就业工作稳步提升和富有实效。     

Career Guidance in Public Employment Services Across Europe

The results of a survey of Public Employment Services in all the Member-States of the European Union, plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, are reported. The career guidance services offered within these structures are reviewed, in three categories: career guidance elements within personalised employment services; specialised career guidance provision; and other relevant provision, including career and labour market information and the delivery of services to students. Four trends are identified: towards self-service provision; towards tiering of services; towards decentralisation; and towards outsourcing. Finally, four issues are addressed: quality and impact measurement; role tensions; foregrounding the identity of career guidance; and the role of Public Employment Services in relation to lifelong access to career guidance.     

现行大学生就业指导模式的分析与思考

现行大学生就业指导模式作为市场经济建立初期的一种过渡模式是有效的,但随着市场经济的不断完善和高等教育的不断发展,这种指导模式正经受严峻的挑战。要应对挑战和适应新形势的需要,必须把就业指导作为高等学校的重要任务来完成。同时,进一步增加投入,不断提高就业指导队伍的整体素质。此外,还要建立职业发展咨询机构,开设就业与职业生涯规划课程。     

大学生就业指导文献综述

随着大学生就业形势日趋严峻,大学生就业指导研究也日益受到人们的重视。本文从大学生就业指导文献的时空分布、主题、来源期刊及作者等四个方面对1979年以来的大学生就业指导研究进行了文献综述,通过分析提出了就业指导存在的不足和发展方向。     

高职院校就业指导以生为本的策略选择

坚持以人为本是科学发展观的本质和核心,以科学发展观统领思想、指导实践、推动工作是时代的要求。以生为本的高职院校就业指导工作,就是以实现高职大学生顺利就业和职业生涯全面发展为目标,从高职大学生的根本利益出发做好就业指导工作。本文就生本化的高职院校就业指导工作的重要意义、策略、体系以及就业为导向的教育教学质量工程建设进行了初步探讨。     

试论职业指导在高职院校“精细化”就业服务工作中的作用和重要性

随着人才需求和市场的不断变化,越来越多的高职院校将＂精细化＂就业服务与就业方向引导等宏观调控作为就业工作的主导,做有针对性的精细服务,既服务于毕业生,同时又为用人单位选拔优秀人才进行服务。文章通过＂开展职业指导的紧迫性和重要性＂、＂职业教育催生‘精细化’就业服务＂、＂职业指导在高职院校‘精细化’就业服务中具有极其重要的作用＂三个方面,对职业指导在高职院校＂精细化＂就业服务工作中的作用和重要性进行了论述,通过学生信息资源库和企业信息资源库的建立、职业指导队伍建设、就业指导课程建设及就业实训演练、建立就业跟踪调查和质量评价体系的意义对职业指导在高职院校＂精细化＂就业服务工作中的作用进行了重点分析。     

如何发挥高校就业指导课程的实效性

市场经济下面临严峻的就业形势,更多高校越来越重视就业教育的开展,而大学生就业指导课是高校对大学生进行就业教育的一种主要形式。大学生就业指导课程的开展在我国尚属起始阶段,同时它又是一门实践性和操作性都很强的课程。在进行大学生就业指导教育的过程中,我们一定要坚持以科学发展观和人文关怀的精神及可持续发展的观点对待大学生就业指导教育,这样才能在千变万化的就业市场下,充分发挥高校就业指导课程的实效性。     

完善中等职业学校就业指导工作的思考

随着我国中等职业教育规模的不断扩大,中职毕业生的就业矛盾日益显露,如何加强中等职业学校就业指导工作成为各校探讨的热点问题。本文就当前中等职业学校就业指导工作存在的问题入手,探讨了完善中等职业学校就业指导工作的办法,并针对就业指导工作的实施过程中应注意的问题提出了处理好几个关系的建议。     

高职院校职业生涯教育与规划研究

高职院校开展职业生涯教育,使学生获得技术技能人才所需的职业生涯能力,有利于提高高职学生的就业率与就业质量、稳定劳动力市场,并为学生规划科学长远的人生发展目标奠定基础。要破解当前高职院校对职业生涯教育概念模糊、成效不佳、专业化程度不高、社会化程度低等实际问题,应根据高职院校学生学习成长的规律和职业生涯规划的实施步骤,制定有效的策略解决相应的预设任务,将职业生涯教育纳入到技术技能人才培养目标的系统规划当中,使学生的学习进程与职业规划同步进行,技术技能与职业素养协同提高。