游戏情境中幼儿的同伴交往策略系统

本研究以109名3~6岁幼儿为被试,用自然观察法采集幼儿同伴交往事件,提炼幼儿同伴交往策略,建立游戏情境中幼儿同伴交往策略系统。结果表明,游戏情境中幼儿同伴交往策略系统共包含26种策略,根据交往目标可归纳为主动邀请、合作、联合、攻击、应对攻击、助人、物质交换、言语协商、提供物质、拒绝等十大类。该策略系统能够有效地反映幼儿同伴交往策略的发展状况。     

Cultural Differences in Korean- and Anglo-American Preschoolers' Social Interaction and Play Behaviors

48 Korean- and 48 Anglo-American children were observed in their preschool settings to examine the role of culture in organizing children's activities and in shaping their pretend play behavior. Observers recorded the presence or absence of preselected social behaviors and levels of play complexity. Parents completed a questionnaire about play in the home, teachers rated children's social competence, and children were given the PPVT-R and a socio-metric interview. Korean parents completed an acculturation questionnaire. The findings revealed cultural differences in children's social interaction, play complexity, adult-child interaction and play in the home and in the preschool, adult beliefs about play, scores on the PPVT-R, and children's social functioning with peers. The results suggest that children's social interaction and pretend play behavior are influenced by culture-specific socialization practices that serve adaptive functions.     

幼儿情绪能力发展特点与培养策略

情绪能力对幼儿的认知、个性和社会性发展有非常重要的作用.本研究对262名大、中、小班幼儿的情绪能力发展特点进行调查,发现:(1)幼儿表达情绪的行为反应中,破坏行为占一定比例.(2)幼儿在具体情境中理解他人情绪的能力较低,小班幼儿的情绪识别和在具体情境中理解他人情绪的能力均低于中、大班幼儿.(3)幼儿在生气和难过时多采用消极调节策略.(4)能引发幼儿积极情绪的事件主要包括感官得到满足、需要得到满足和受到表扬等,而引发幼儿消极情绪的事件主要包括同伴争执、受到批评和需要得不到满足等.研究者认为,可从幼儿和教师两方面入手,培养幼儿的情绪能力.     

A Meta-Analysis of Morphological Interventions in English: Effects on Literacy Outcomes for School-Age Children

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of morphological instruction on language and literacy outcomes by synthesizing 92 standardized mean differences (d) from 30 independent studies. Findings show a moderate overall effect of morphological instruction ([dbar] = 0.32), suggesting that children receiving morphological instruction performed significantly better on measures of literacy achievement than comparison groups. Moderator analyses showed that intervention effect varied depending on the literacy outcome. There were significant and moderate intervention effects on morphological knowledge ([dbar] = 0.44), phonological awareness ([dbar] = 0.48), vocabulary ([dbar] = 0.34), decoding ([dbar] = 0.59), and spelling ([dbar] = 0.30) but not on reading comprehension or fluency. Results also suggested differences in effectiveness related to age and research design but not unit of intervention, scope, length, and learner type. Effect sizes decrease by school level (e.g., greater for younger students than middle school and upper elementary students). Also, there were larger effects for quasi-experimental than experimental studies and for researcher-designed measures than for standardized measures. Implications for educational settings and research agendas are discussed.     

Taking Shape: Supporting Preschoolers' Acquisition of Geometric Knowledge Through Guided Play

Shape knowledge, a key aspect of school readiness, is part of early mathematical learning. Variations in how children are exposed to shapes may affect the pace of their learning and the nature of their shape knowledge. Building on evidence suggesting that child‐centered, playful learning programs facilitate learning more than other methods, 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children (N = 70) were taught the properties of four geometric shapes using guided play, free play, or didactic instruction. Results revealed that children taught shapes in the guided play condition showed improved shape knowledge compared to the other groups, an effect that was still evident after 1 week. Findings suggest that scaffolding techniques that heighten engagement, direct exploration, and facilitate “sense‐making,” such as guided play, undergird shape learning.     

Preschoolers' Funds of Knowledge Displayed Through Sociodramatic Play Episodes in a Bilingual Classroom

Funds of knowledge displayed by young children during sociodramatic play in a two-way bilingual preschool classroom are identified. Twelve preschoolers participated in a microethnographic study of children's language and culture in a small rural community of South Texas. The study sought to identify cultural elements or traits of Mexican American children exhibited during sociodramatic play. The cultural traits identified as funds of knowledge include language, values and beliefs, ways of discipline, and the value of education, among others. It is suggested for teachers to use sociodramatic play as a tool to observe children and learn about their funds of knowledge in order to implement a culturally reflective curriculum.     

学前儿童焦虑状况的追踪研究

本研究采用问卷法分别于2005年6月、2006年6月对346名4—5岁学前儿童的焦虑状况进行了追踪研究。结果显示：（1）一年之后,学前儿童的焦虑水平明显下降;（2）从两次测查的情况看,学前儿童最高水平的焦虑症状为躯体伤害恐惧,其次为分离焦虑,再次为社交恐惧和广泛性焦虑,最低水平的为强迫性神经症障碍;（3）5岁组儿童第一次测查的焦虑水平存在显著的性别差异,男孩的焦虑水平高于女孩,而5岁组儿童第二次测查的焦虑水平以及4岁组儿童第一次和第二次测查的焦虑水平都无显著的性别差异。     

3-6岁外来务工人员子女同伴交往能力的发展特点

同伴交往能力是流动儿童城市社会能力的重要组成部分.本研究对从南通市8所幼儿园选取的587名幼儿的调查显示,流动儿童同伴交往能力发展滞后于本地儿童,但两者不存在显著差异;不同年龄段流动儿童同伴交往能力呈V字形发展态势;流动儿童比本地儿童更具亲社会性,但社交障碍更多,其语言能力也相对滞后;流动男孩在社交主动性、亲社会性上的发展优于女孩,而流动女孩在语言与非语言能力上发展更好,且其社交障碍随年龄的增长而减少.     

游戏治疗和家庭治疗的新发展：家庭游戏治疗

近年来,西方国家发展起来一种新型心理治疗法——家庭游戏治疗。文章主要介绍了家庭游戏治疗理论的提出、理论原理、功能、方法、家庭治疗师的作用以及怎样使成人摆脱对游戏的抵触心理,最后对该疗法进行了简要展望。     

The State of Play: Children’s Oral Culture,Literacy and Learning

This paper looks at the experiences of student teachers in relation to the oral culture of the playground. It suggests that in the year in which the National Literacy Strategy is being implemented, the language and lore of the playground remind us that there are a number of alternative literacies that children have access to outside the classroom. Student teachers recording these, saw ways in which children’s personal literacies might complement school literacy.     

Effects of a Structured Decoding Curriculum on Adult Literacy Learners' Reading Development

This article reports the results from a randomized control field trial that investigated the impact of an enhanced decoding and spelling curriculum on the development of adult basic education (ABE) learners' reading skills. Sixteen ABE programs that offered class-based instruction to Low-Intermediate level learners were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group. Reading instructors in the 8 treatment programs taught decoding and spelling using the study-developed curriculum, Making Sense of Decoding and Spelling (MSDS), and instructors in the 8 control programs used their existing reading instruction. A comparison group of 7 ABE programs whose instructors used K-3 structured curricula adapted for use with ABE learners were included for supplemental analyses. Seventy-one reading classes, 34 instructors, and 349 adult learners with pre- and posttests participated in the study. The study found a small but significant effect on one measure of decoding skills, which was the proximal target of the curriculum. No overall significant effects were found for word recognition, spelling, fluency, or comprehension. Pretest to posttest gains for word recognition were small to moderate, but not significantly better than the control classes. Adult learners who were born and educated outside of the U.S. made larger gains on 7 of the 11 reading measures than learners who were born and educated within the U.S. However, participation in the treatment curriculum was more beneficial for learners who were born and educated in the U.S. in developing their word recognition skills.     

西方科学素养理论的形成与发展

国际科学教育界普遍认为,在基础教育,尤其是义务教育阶段,科学素养(Science Literacy)应是学校科学教育所追求的首要目标。那么,什么是科学素养,或者说,一个具有科学素养的人应该了解什么,能做什么,具有什么样的价值观或态度?围绕这个问题,西方科学教育工作者探索和讨论了近半个世纪。本文从历史的角度回顾了     

Play and Literacy: A Collaborative Action Research Project in Preschool

The article describes a collaborative action research in a preschool in Reykjavik. The participants were two preschool teachers who collaborated with researchers at the University of Iceland. The project was set up as a professional development course for the teachers. Emphasis was placed on continuity in children's education, integration of play and learning, and the connection between play and emerging literacy. Data were gathered using video recordings, photos, interviews, observations, notes from meetings, documents, and diaries. The findings indicate that participation in this action research empowered the preschool teachers and influenced their practices and ideas. They became more aware of the value of play in children's learning. They did not, however, change their former practices in which they worked on literacy during specific, well-defined periods: their beliefs and practices in this regard seemed to be constrained by traditions in which play and learning are separate entities.     

Teaching Play Skills to Children with Disabilities: Research-Based Interventions and Practices

Play is a critical milestone that contributes to the learning and development of young children in multiple ways and is essential to their well-being. Play is also considered as a central component to promote school readiness and incorporates pre-literacy, language and numeracy skills. However, play deficits seem to be acutely apparent in some children with disabilities. This highlights the need to come to terms with the best evidence and explore the promising practices related to improved play skills for young children with disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of play-based learning in early childhood and early childhood special education and provide research-based recommendations on teaching play skills to young children with disabilities.     

Impact of Literacy Interventions on Reading Skills in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis

Reading skills are foundational for daily lives, academic achievement, and careers. In this study, we systematically reviewed literacy interventions in low- and middle-income countries, and estimated their effects on children's reading skills using a meta-analytic approach. A total of 67 studies (N = 213,464) from 32 countries found in various databases (e.g., PsycINFO, ERIC) and sources (e.g., United States Agency for International Development) met our inclusion criteria. The results revealed an overall effect of .30 across various literacy outcomes. Effects varied for different outcomes, such that largest effects were found in emergent literacy skills (e.g., .40) and the smallest effects in reading comprehension (.25) and oral language skills (.20). Effects also varied as a function of other features such as teacher training support.     

学前儿童心理理论发展的干预策略

本研究以72名3至4岁幼儿为被试,通过实验法考察了语言干预法、假装游戏法、言语假装游戏结合法这三种心理理论干预法的干预效果.结果表明,三种干预方法均能促进幼儿心理理论的发展,但言语假装游戏结合法的干预效果最好.教育者应该在让儿童进行假装游戏的基础上给予言语引导,帮助幼儿在假装游戏中更好地领会他人的心理状态,从而促进儿童心理理论的发展.     

手写与键入影响读写效果的研究争论及启示

传统手写过程存在动作轨迹和视觉的联合反馈,且直接产出字形;键入过程则分离了敲击动作和视觉空间,且字形是已定的,因此手写可能更有利于字词掌握及深层加工,从而对读写有更大的益处。文章指出,手写在对新字母的字形学习中有优势,但对单词的再认和拼写学习并不比键入更有优势;在诸如记笔记、作文等更高级的读写学习中,键入和手写各有长处。由于键盘上并不存在汉字,长期采用键入方式书写汉字,有可能会给我们的读写带来负面影响。