Variability of inter-team distances associated with match events in elite-standard soccer

Abstract In soccer, critical match events like goal attempts can be preceded by periods of instability in the balance between the two teams' behaviours. Therefore, we determined periods of high variability in the distance between the teams' centroid positions longitudinally and laterally in an international-standard soccer match and evaluated corresponding match events. Position data were collected with AMISCO Pro?. Inter-team distance variability was calculated over a 3-s moving window. Out of the 242 match periods that exceeded the variability criterion, 51 were dead-ball situations. Match events identified through longitudinal inter-team distance primarily related to defending players moving forward-backward after a longitudinal pass. Match events identified through lateral inter-team distance mainly corresponded with defending players moving laterally following sideways passing. One of two goals and two of fourteen goal-attempts were preceded by a period of high variability. Together, periods of highly variable inter-team distance were associated with collective defensive actions and team reorganisation in dead-ball moments rather than goals or goal attempts. Inter-team dynamics quantified (mutual) reorganisation of the teams and marked teams' collective defensive ability to respond to attacking explorations.     

第27届奥运会和第14届世界男篮锦标赛中国队与法国队和德国队比赛进攻情况分析

通过对第27届奥运会、第14届世界男篮锦标赛中、法，中、德篮球比赛技术统计资料进行分析，得出：中国男篮在投篮命中率上与对手差距不大甚至还具有优势，但投篮特别是中、近距离投篮次数较少，是比赛失利的重要原因，且进攻速度慢，创造中、近距离投篮机会能力差，一旦没有较高投篮命中率保证，比赛将完全陷于被动。     

Variability of inter-team distances associated with match events in elite-standard soccer

Abstract

In soccer, critical match events like goal attempts can be preceded by periods of instability in the balance between the two teams' behaviours. Therefore, we determined periods of high variability in the distance between the teams' centroid positions longitudinally and laterally in an international-standard soccer match and evaluated corresponding match events. Position data were collected with AMISCO Pro®. Inter-team distance variability was calculated over a 3-s moving window. Out of the 242 match periods that exceeded the variability criterion, 51 were dead-ball situations. Match events identified through longitudinal inter-team distance primarily related to defending players moving forward-backward after a longitudinal pass. Match events identified through lateral inter-team distance mainly corresponded with defending players moving laterally following sideways passing. One of two goals and two of fourteen goal-attempts were preceded by a period of high variability. Together, periods of highly variable inter-team distance were associated with collective defensive actions and team reorganisation in dead-ball moments rather than goals or goal attempts. Inter-team dynamics quantified (mutual) reorganisation of the teams and marked teams' collective defensive ability to respond to attacking explorations.     

第28届奥运会中国男篮与对手攻防能力的对比分析

对第28届奥运会中国男子篮球队比赛的技术数据进行了统计,分析了中国队在攻守两方面技、战术运用的情况,并与其他7支参赛队伍进行了比较,提出了对策和建议.     

第14届世界男篮锦标赛与亚运会中国男篮外围队员进攻与防守技、战术研究

尽管王治郅缺阵，但拥有NBA状元秀姚明及掘金队巴特尔的中国男篮竟然在第14届世界男篮锦标赛上1胜7负。1个多月后又在亚运会男篮决赛中输给了韩国队。具备世界级身体条件的中国队的表现与国内外期望值形成强烈反差。该文通过对中国男篮在世锦赛上的7场比赛及亚运会决赛录像的统计分析，发现了我外围队员在个人进攻与防守能力、各种进攻方法比率、参与全队防守战术的质量、抢篮板球等方面与国外强队存在较大差距。提出更新理念，改革竞赛与训练体制，引进外籍教练、球员和裁判员，选派教练员赴NBA进修，增加与世界强队的比赛，借鉴NBA训练方法等建议。     

A multilevel hypernetworks approach to capture meso-level synchronisation processes in football

ABSTRACT

Understanding team behaviours in sports performance requires understanding the interdependencies established between their levels of complexity (micro-meso-macro). Previously, most studies examined interactions emerging at micro- and macro-levels, thus neglecting those emerging at a meso-level (reveals connections between player and team levels, depicted by the emergence of coordination in specific sub-groups of players–simplices during performance). We addressed this issue using the multilevel hypernetworks approach, adopting a cluster-phase method, to record player-simplice synchronies in two performance conditions where the number, size and location of goals were manipulated (first-condition: 6 × 6 + 4 mini-goals; second-condition: Gk + 6 × 6 + Gk). We investigated meso-level coordination tendencies, as a function of ball-possession (attacking/defending), field-direction (longitudinal/lateral) and teams (Team A/Team B). Generally, large synergistic relations and more stable patterns were observed in the longitudinal direction of the field than the lateral direction for both teams, and for both game phases in the first condition. The second condition displayed higher synchronies and more stable patterns in the lateral direction than the longitudinal plane for both teams, and for both game phases. Results suggest: (i) usefulness of hypernetworks in assessing synchronisation of teams at a meso-level; (ii) coaches may consider manipulating these task constraints to develop levels of local synchronies within teams.     

第14届世界男篮锦标赛中国队与前8名球队的同异反态势分析

通过对第14届世界男篮锦标赛中国队与前8名球队各项进攻、抢断、防守的技术指标的统计，并转换成联系数中的同、异、反进行技术状况的定量分析．找出中国男篮与其他世界男篮强队之间的差距，并据此提出相应建议。     

第15届世界男子篮球锦标赛欧洲强队得分方式及进攻特点研究

对参加第15届男篮世界锦标赛的7支欧洲强队相互间的8场比赛涉及到进攻与得分的66项技术指标进行数据统计与分析,研究当前欧洲篮球强队得分规律及进攻特点。结果表明,欧洲男子篮球强队后卫和前锋运动员得分区域、方式、手段多样,外线运动员的得分能力优于内线,利用突破得分成为主要的攻击手段。整体进攻以迅速的人、球转移、大量的掩护、连续的突破、精准的中远距离投篮为基本攻击手段,战术运用的针对性和实效性强。     

Goal effectiveness after players’ dismissals in professional futsal teams

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of players’ dismissals on the outcome of attacks in elite futsal matches, and to establish the performance profile of the attacks made in numerical superiority by elite futsal teams. One hundred and twenty five attacking game situations in numerical superiority (dismissal of opponents from defensive team) were analysed from the regular season of the Spanish professional Futsal League. The effect of contextual-related variables (quality of opposition, match-location, match-periods, opponent team’s fouls, match-status, attack-duration and match-type) on goal effectiveness was analysed using binomial logistic regression and two-step cluster analysis. Results from the binary logistic regression showed that the highest attack effectiveness was achieved when the teams play at home, perform the attack during minutes 33–36 and the opposing team has 3 fouls. Secondly, the two-step cluster analysis technique allowed identifying four types of attacks when the teams were playing with numerical superiority. The results showed the great importance (in order) of match-type, match-status, attacking team’s fouls, match-period, quality of opposition, opposing team’s fouls, match-location, goal situation, and attack duration. The identified trends may help coaches to design the superiority/inferiority scenarios more specifically during training and to monitor them during competition.     

俄罗斯世界杯比赛表现指标对胜负影响的实证研究

探索不同赛制下比赛表现指标对比赛结果产生的影响,选取2018年俄罗斯世界杯59场、118组技战术表现和跑动表现指标作为自变量,比赛胜、负作为因变量。运用K型聚类分析,对比分均衡比赛进行界定。根据比赛控球率的不同对比赛表现指标进行标准化处理。运用数据级数推断法界定各自个变量增加2个标准差对比赛获胜概率带来的变化。研究结果:1)在所有比赛中,9项技战术表现指标(射门次数、射正次数、射正率、定位球射门次数、突破进入罚球区次数、控球率、传球成功率、解围成功次数和防守反击次数)和3项跑动表现指标(本方控球时跑动距离、进攻三区跑动距离和对方罚球区跑动距离)使比赛获胜概率显著提升。对方控球时跑动距离则使获胜概率显著下降;2)在比分均衡比赛中,5项技战术表现指标(射门率、定位球射门次数、控球率、传球成功率和解围成功次数)和3项跑动表现指标(本方控球时跑动距离、进攻三区跑动距离和对方罚球区跑动距离)使比赛获胜概率显著提升。而向前传球次数、低强度跑距离、中强度跑距离、对方控球时跑动距离4项比赛表现指标则使获胜概率显著下降。研究表明,FIFA世界杯获胜球队在立足于防守的基础上,以防守反击和定位球作为主要进攻和得分手段,表现出与联赛球队不同的比赛策略。因此,各级球队在备战时应根据赛制和对手实力情况作出针对性的战术部署。     

2014-15赛季欧洲足球冠军联赛进球研究

运用录像分析法、专家访谈法、数理统计法对2014-15赛季欧洲足球冠军联赛125场比赛中的361粒进球进行统计分析。结果显示:76-90min是进球高峰期;前锋球员是主要得分手,中场球员是主要进攻组织者;中场球员助攻最多,短传与传中是主要助攻方式;进攻发起区域以中场为主,抢断与失误在进攻中占据重要作用;进攻路线以中路边路配合为主,定位球进攻越来越重要;2-5名球员通过1-5次的快速向前传球在进攻中占据优势;运球突破、前场任意球、长传转移、短传渗透是攻入前场30m区域的主要战术方式;禁区内的抢点射门是最主要的进球方式、2区是最佳得分区域,不同位置、区域进球方式有所差异。     

Analysis of direct free kicks in the women's football World Cup 2007

Abstract

The location and outcome of all free kicks taken directly at goal in the 2007 women's football World Cup were assessed to identify areas with the most goal-scoring potential and assist with tactical decisions and training design. Video of all free kicks taken directly at goal in the 32 games was captured and the location of the ball on the pitch was calculated from pitch markings and image pixel coordinates using a customized curve-fitting method. The outcome of each free kick was determined and for those that resulted in a goal or were saved, information on ball flight time and the placement of the ball relative to the goal was reported. All seven free kicks that resulted in a goal were taken from a central area within 7 m of the penalty circle, placed at the edge of the goal within approximately 1 m of the goalpost, and had an average flight time of 1.09 s, which was significantly faster than for those that were saved. All free kicks directed towards the bottom and centre of the goal resulted in straightforward saves for the goalkeeper. It is recommended that teams should consider a direct shot from free kicks awarded within 7 m of the penalty circle. For free kicks from wide areas and areas further from the goal, players should be aware of their individual ability and only take a shot when they perceive the probability of scoring a goal to be high. Otherwise, alternative attacking strategies should be considered to avoid an easy turnover of possession.     

对第17届世界杯足球赛球队控球状况的研究

采用文献资料法、观察统计法、数理统计法、专家访谈法，对第17届世界杯足球赛球队控球中进攻的传球次数及效果、发动至结束场区、进攻中断的原因、创造进球的最后进攻手段、中国队与世界及亚洲优秀队伍对比情况等问题进行研究。结果表明，本届杯赛整体上传球次数越少，进球越多；传接球是导致进攻中断的主要原因；边路传中和中路传切配合是创造进球得分的主要进攻手段；中国队在控球能力上较世界及亚洲优秀球队有较大差距。     

2004-2005赛季CBA联赛的分析比较

通过对2004-2005赛季C BA联赛参赛球员自然状况及队伍技术状况的数据资料分析,其结果发现高大球员、特别是身高超过205C m球员的数量与球队成绩的关系密切。随着比赛水平的提高和争夺激烈程度的增加,获胜球队的防守明显加强、二分球的攻击显著增加。而所输球队的三分球攻击明显高于获胜的球队。另外,本赛季C BA联赛的防守较弱。     

中国女排奥运攻关研究报告——我国女排主要对手技战术特征分析

对中国女排北京奥运会备战阶段的科技攻关思路、科技服务过程进行系统回顾;对上海体育学院和同济大学联合开发的《排球技战术数据采集与智能分析系统》的功能进行介绍;并以巴西队为范例,对中国女排北京奥运会的主要对手的技战术特征进行分析,对其上场阵容、主要队员发球特点、各轮次进攻打法特点、主要队员扣球特点、关键比分段进攻打法特点、拦网技术特点、一传特点等进行详细的分析,为今后高水平排球队的科技服务提供参考。     

第16届世界男子篮球锦标赛欧洲强队进攻研究

以篮球比赛进攻为切入点,对第16世界男篮锦标赛8支欧洲强队之间的8场比赛录像涉及进攻的43项技术指标进行数据统计与分析,研究当前欧洲篮球强队进攻打法及特点。结果表明:篮下限制区内是欧洲强队主要的得分区域,突破进攻和3分远投是主要的得分方式,外线队员的得分能力优于内线队员,后卫得分比例最高。欧洲强队进攻范围扩大,整体进攻以大量的掩护,连续的突破及分球,迅速的人、球转移,精准的3分远投为主要进攻手段。     

Relationships between physiological, anthropometric, and skill qualities and playing performance in professional rugby league players

In this study, we investigated the relationship between physiological, anthropometric, and skill qualities and playing performance in professional rugby league players. Fifty-eight high-performance rugby league players underwent measurements for anthropometry (height, body mass, sum of seven skinfolds), physiological (speed, change of direction speed, lower body muscular power, repeated-sprint ability, prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability, and estimated maximal aerobic power), technical skill (tackling proficiency, draw and pass proficiency), and perceptual skill (reactive agility, pattern recall, pattern prediction) qualities. National Rugby League matches were coded for attacking (e.g. line breaks, try assists, etc.) and defensive (e.g. missed tackles, tackling efficiency, etc.) statistics commonly used to assess rugby league playing performance. The number of line break assists was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with greater playing experience (r = 0.36), dual-task draw and pass proficiency (r = 0.54), reactive agility (r = 0.29), and pattern recall (r = 0.32) and prediction (r = 0.28) ability, while faster speed over 40 m (r = -0.42) was associated (P < 0.05) with a higher number of tries scored. Greater age and playing experience, better lower body muscular power, and faster 10 m and 40 m speed were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the number of tackle attempts (positive), tackles completed (positive), and proportion of missed tackles (negative). These findings demonstrate that well-developed physical and skill qualities are associated with effective playing performance in National Rugby League players.     

The effect of perceived streakiness on the shot-taking behaviour of basketball players

Abstract

We examine behavioural changes of basketball players arising from the hot-hand belief and use data of 1216 National Basketball Association games to measure the effect of cold and hot streaks on three proxies of shot difficulty. We find that the more consecutive shots players make (miss), the more difficult (easier) shots become along the three dimensions. Furthermore, most players' performance seems to improve during hot streaks because they attempt more difficult shots while no significant decrease in shooting accuracy takes place. This might explain why most previous studies could not find empirical evidence for the hot-hand belief in basketball when considering in-game field goal shooting.     

Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of various small-sided soccer games in youth players

The aim of this study was to examine acute physiological responses and time-motion characteristics associated with three different small-sided soccer game formats in youth players. Sixteen male soccer players aged 16.3+/-0.6 years (mean+/-s) completed three variations of a small-sided game (i.e. 2 vs. 2, 4 vs. 4, and 6 vs. 6 players) in which heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration, and time-motion characteristics were recorded. The pitch size was altered to keep the relative pitch area per player consistent for each game format. The 2 vs. 2 games exhibited greater blood lactate, heart rate, and RPE responses compared with 4 vs. 4 and 6 vs. 6 games (P<0.05). The players travelled less (P<0.05) distance at speeds of 0-7 km.h(-1) in the 4 vs. 4 compared with the 2 vs. 2 games (1128+/-10 m and 1176+/-8 m, respectively). Average maximal sprint distances above 18 km.h(-1) were lower (P<0.05) in 2 vs. 2 than in 4 vs. 4 and 6 vs. 6 games (11.5+/-3.9 m, 15.3+/-5.5 m, and 19.4+/-5.9 m, respectively), and in 4 vs. 4 compared with 6 vs. 6 games. The results show that as small-sided game formats decrease in size and relative pitch area remains constant, overall physiological and perceptual workload increases.