3种游泳出发技术的运动学分析

重点描述20世纪90年代后出现的后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术,并与现在常用的前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式游泳出发技术进行比较。运用生物力学测试方法,使用超微摄像机对8名优秀女游泳运动员进行定点拍摄,通过对3种游泳出发技术的录像进行解析来比较研究它们的部分运动学特征,得出这3种游泳出发技术的特点。研究结果表明:后摆蹲踞式出发技术较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术稳定性高;后摆蹲踞式出发技术较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术离台水平速度大,手的拉台效果明显,但滞台时间也较长;后摆蹲踞式出发技术的台上预备姿势重心投影点距出发台前沿较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术靠后,不利于快速起动。对3种游泳出发技术的综合评价表明,后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术有利因素较多。     

改进和提高游泳抓台式出发技术训练方法探讨

通过游泳抓台式出发技术的教学与训练和有关定量研究,结果发现：抓台式出发的离台角度、重心移动、入水角度以及入水到达１０ｍ时间是评价出发动作的主要技术环节,结合以往研究,提出了游泳抓台式出发技术的训练方案。     

如何练游泳的“出发”

游泳比赛的开始称为出发。出发技术好,能形成一种心理上的优越感,尤其是现代游泳比赛的名次以百分之一秒计算,所以,出发技术更显得重要。游泳竞赛规则规定,除仰泳在水中出发外,其他各种游泳姿势都必须从出发台上出发。从实践中看,运动员出发的速度度要比游泳的速度快得多,因此游泳运动员的出发技术好,在出发后的最初一段距离内既能赢得时间,又能节省体力。出发台出发技术有摆臂式、抓台式等形式。目前,在比赛中运动员普遍采用的是抓台式出发。出发,一般是安排在学生掌握游泳技术后进行,先进行辅助练习,掌握一定的出发技术后,再过渡到抓台式…     

游泳抓台式出发技术的力学分析

游泳比赛的目的在于用最短的时间游完一定的距离,也就是说要求游泳运动员有快速的出发、游进和转身。尽管出发在整个游泳成绩中耗时的比例很小,但它们往往就是决定比赛胜负的微小差距所在。虽然在游泳出发技术上有过争论,抓台式出发还是最有影响的,在以往各种水平比赛中,抓台式出发技术已成为广泛被采用的出发技术。1972年哈诺尔(Hanauer)指出在1971年全美游泳锦标赛时,50码自由泳比赛的前六名都使用抓台式出发。哈夫赖鲁克(Havriluk)和沃德     

竞技游泳的出发台出发技术分析

游泳出发台出发技术包括摆臂式、抓台式、团身式、洞式、鞭式和蹲踞式,分析其技术要领和各自的优劣,可对不同泳姿、不同运动员运用不同的出发技术进行训练.     

论游泳的出发台出发技术

分析了游泳的摆臂式、抓台式、团身式、洞式、鞭式和蹲踞式六种出发台出发技术的技术要领及各自的优劣之处，指出不同项目、不同运动员应选用不同的出发姿势进行训练。     

游泳蹲踞式与抓台式出发技术运动学研究

对８名优秀青少年游泳运动员进行为期八周的出发技术系统训练，通过对蹲踞式和抓台式两种出发技术的影片和录像解析，进行了有关运动学的研究。研究结果表明：蹲踞式出发在离台时间和水平速度方面明显优于抓台式，而且蹲踞式出发可以创造与抓台式相同的出发成绩。又根据国外学者提出的蹲踞平式是最快的出发技术，建议在我国游泳教学和训练中进行蹲踞式出发技术的尝试。对蹲踞平式出发技术应进行进一步的研究。     

从2008年两次全国游泳比赛看两种出发技术优劣

蹲踞式出发(Track start,TS)和抓台式出发(Grab start,GS)这两种技术占据了当前竞技游泳运动台上出发的绝对主导地位,也一直受到科研人员的关注.尽管对此有相当多数量的研究报道,然而,并没有形成一些结论性的意见.基于"2008年全国游泳冠军赛暨奥运会选拔赛"和"2008年全国游泳锦标赛暨全运会选拔赛"的决赛结果,对两种出发技术进行探讨,分析这两种出发技术对出发反应时间和出发效率(到达15 m线时间)的影响.分析结果揭示,蹲踞式出发技术的反应时间在大部分项目上具有显著优势.总体来说,出发效率也表现出蹲踞式优于抓台式的趋势.我国游泳运动员中,采用蹲踞式出发技术的男运动员比例占多数,而女子运动员则绝大部分采用抓台式出发技术,建议游泳运动员应采用蹲踞式出发技术.     

蛙泳运动员出发技术分析与训练

本文通过对福建省游泳队数名蛙泳运动员两种出发技术参数进行分析比较,讨论蹲踞式与抓台式出发技术的优劣,认为蹲踞式优于抓台式技术,并提出一些针对性的训练方法,以期为游泳比赛采用蹲踞式出发技术提供参考.     

第14届世界游泳锦标赛出发技术研究

采用现场研究、文献调查等方法对竞技游泳2种主要的出发技术进行研究。对第14届世界游泳锦标赛决赛运动员224人次的出发技术的分布比例进行了统计,对出发反应时(start reaction,SR)、出发15 m时间(start efficiency,SE)、800 m以下项目的成绩(Score,SC)等指标进行分析研究,同时梳理了近年来有关出发技术的研究文献数据。研究表明,蹲踞式出发技术(track start,TS)从10余年前不到40%的采用率增长到了2011年世界游泳锦标赛上的98%。蹲踞式出发技术在SR和SE上均比抓台式(grab start,GS)有优势。研究认为,抓台式技术将成为历史,所有运动员应掌握带有助推器的新型出发台的蹲踞式出发技术。     

Effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters of elite swimmers

In the present research, we examined the effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters by (1) comparing the starting and turning velocities with the swimming parameters on the emersion and mid-pool segments and (2) by relating the individual behaviour of swimmers during the start and turns with subsequent behaviour on each swimming lap. One hundred and twelve 100 m performances on the FINA 2013 World Swimming Championships were analysed by an image-processing system (InThePool 2.0®). At the point of the start emersion, the swimming parameters of the 100-m elite swimmers were substantially greater than the mid-pool parameters, except on the breaststroke races. On the other hand, no diminution in the swimming parameters was observed between the turn emersion and the mid-pool swimming, except on the butterfly and backstroke male races. Changes on the surface swimming kinematics were not generally related to the starting or turning parameters, although male swimmers who develop faster starts seem to achieve faster velocities at emersion. Race analysts should be aware of a transfer of momentum when swimmers emerge from underwater with implications on the subsequent swimming kinematics, especially for male swimmers who employ underwater undulatory techniques.     

优秀青少年游泳运动员蹲踞式与抓台式游泳出发技术的对比分析

目的:基于青少年的生理特点,通过对比青少年游泳运动员采用蹲踞式和抓台式2种游泳出发技术时的运动学和动力学数据,以期为青少年游泳运动员的运动训练与比赛提供参考。方法:使用Kistler测力台和高速摄像机记录从青少年游泳运动员从准备姿势到入水的整个过程,通过对2种游泳出发技术参数的统计对比分析,总结这2种游泳出发技术的特点。结果:从游泳出发技术上来看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度、出发总时间大于抓台式,而入水角度较小;女性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度大于抓台式,而腾空时间、入水角度、出发总时间较小。从性别角度看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大;男性采用抓台式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大。结论:从游泳出发技术上来看,蹲踞式在滞台阶段加速蹬伸时间较长,但地面反作用力较大,且获得了更大的平均水平腾空速度,弥补了其滞台时间较长的缺点;在腾空阶段,在腾空时间无显著差异的情况下,蹲踞式具有明显较大的腾空距离,则蹲踞式在该阶段更具优势。从性别上来看,男性的加速蹬伸时间较小,且地面反作用力较大,但平均水平腾空速度较小,减小了男性在滞台阶段的优势;在腾空阶段,男性的腾空时间明显大于女性,但其腾空距离也较大。     

我国重大游泳比赛技术参数采集与分析系统的应用研究

游泳比赛可划分为几个既相互独立又相互联系的部分,各个部分的特征用不同的技术参数来表示,反映运动员在比赛中的技术、战术情况。研究采用文献资料、比赛现场技术参数采集、图像解析和数据分析等,对我国重大游泳比赛的技术参数进行采集和分析。研究认为我国除个别尖子运动员外,多数运动员存在出发反应时长、出发速度慢,转身速度慢、技术细节不完善、比赛节奏不稳定等问题,反映出我国运动员的技术还需要进一步完善和提高。     

Biomechanische Grundlagen des Startsprungs im Schwimmen

Starting block performance in swimming is of crucial importance in the individual competitions for the shorter swimming distances as well as for the relay events. The significance of this swim start performance will increase with the introduction of a new starting block with a longer and slightly steeper surface in conjunction with a push-off support for the feet and laterally adjustable handles. As grab starts and track starts were equally observed in international swimming competitions there are good reasons to assume that only the latter will remain the dominant starting technique. This report aims to summarize existing knowledge on the biomechanics of the swim start performed on a traditional starting block as a new starting block is introduced and new starting techniques are going to be developed. Following some introductory remarks on the assessment of the swim start performance, results will be discussed on the merit of different take-off techniques, on the entry behaviour, and on the force development profiles on the starting block. In conclusion, a tendency in favour of the rear-weighted track start was found in conjunction with a flat entry. In addition, it could be shown that an angular momentum around the transverse body axis combined with a dolphin kick (and a previously hyperextended hip joint) may provide hydrodynamic conditions to enter the water with a rather steep centre of mass trajectory. Finally, existing biomechanical knowledge will be presented on the relay start as well as on a possible change in the starting technique using the new block.     

两种游泳出发技术的运动学分析

本研究对游泳出发技术的部分运动学参数进行了研究．并对抓台式和蹲距式出发技术进行了比较，得出运动员采用两种出发技术均能创造好成绩．但蹲距式易创造大的水平速度值等结论．     

Is starting with the feet out of the water faster in backstroke swimming?

This study aimed to determine if starting with the feet above the water (FAW) in male backstroke swimming resulted in faster start times (15-m time) than when the feet were underwater (FUW). It was hypothesised that setting higher on the wall would generate increased horizontal force and velocity, resulting in quicker starts. Twelve high-level male backstrokers performed three trials of the FAW and FUW techniques. A biomechanical swimming testing system comprising one force plate (1,000 Hz), four lateral-view (100 Hz), and five overhead (50 Hz) video cameras captured the swimmers' performance. Data for each participant's fastest trial for each technique were collated, grouped, and statistically analysed. Analysis included Wilcoxon, Spearman Rho correlation, and regression analysis. Wilcoxon results revealed a significantly faster start time for the FAW technique (p < 0.01). Peak horizontal force was significantly smaller for FAW (p = 0.02), while take-off horizontal velocity was significantly greater (p = 0.01). Regression analysis indicated take-off horizontal velocity to be a good predictor of start time for both techniques, and the horizontal displacement of the centre of mass for the FAW start.     

Motion analysis of front crawl swimming applying CAST technique by means of automatic tracking

Abstract

Kinematic analysis of swimming is of interest to improve swimming performances. Although the video recordings of underwater swimmers are commonly used, the available methodologies are rarely precise enough to adequately estimate the three dimensional (3D) joint kinematics. This is mainly due to difficulties in obtaining the required kinematic parameters (anatomical landmarks, joint centres and reference frames) in the swimming environment. In this paper we propose a procedure to investigate the right upper limb’s 3D kinematics during front crawl swimming in terms of all elbow and shoulder degrees of freedom (three rotations of the shoulder, two of the elbow). The method is based upon the Calibrated Anatomical Systems Technique (CAST), a technique widely used in clinics, which allows estimation of anatomical landmarks of interest even when they are not directly visible. An automatic tracking technique was adopted. The intra-operator repeatability of the manual tracking was also assessed. The root mean squared difference of three anatomical landmarks, processed five times, is always lower than 8 mm. The mean of the root mean squared difference between trajectories obtained with the different methodologies was found to be lower than 20 mm. Results showed that complete 3D kinematics of at least twice as many frames than without CAST can be reconstructed faster and more precisely.