奖惩性与发展性教师评价制度的比较研究

本文从分析评价本身所具备的两种功能——“奖惩性功能和发展性功能”,结合评价的主观目的和实际需要来探析奖惩性教师评价和发展性教师评价的关系,从而达到在实践中有效评价教师之目的,而不是绝对地把二者隔离开来。     

科研评价制度如何影响大学教师主动性创新行为——基于29所一流大学建设高校的教师调查

大学原始创新能力的提升取决于教师的主动性创新行为,而科研评价制度在激励和引导教师的主动性创新行为方面发挥着重要作用。以自我效能理论为指导,对29所一流大学建设高校自然、工程、社会和人文学科领域1659名教师进行问卷调查,探究科研评价制度对大学教师主动性创新行为的影响。研究发现：评价程序民主、评价主客体互动公平和形成性评价通过增强创新自我效能感激发了主动性创新行为;同行评价方法和质量或创新标准尽管通过增强创新自我效能感激发了主动性创新行为,但其自身存在的诸多问题对主动性创新行为也起着阻碍作用,正负效果抵消的遮掩效应导致其对主动性创新行为影响不显著;科研评价制度对不同学科、不同年龄和不同学校层次教师主动性创新行为的影响存在显著差异。研究建议：加强增值评价,完善小同行遴选和监督制度,根据学科领域和水平分类制定评价标准,推进学术委员会权限范围和委员产生方式改革,包容和鼓励失败研究。     

School Reform and Restructuring: Does Performance Technology Have a Role?

There is now widespread agreement that America's schools are in serious trouble. However, there is little consensus regarding what should be done about it. The school reforms currently being suggested are the most radical since the elimination of the one room school. School reforms of the 1980s—personnel selection, job redesign, evaluation/ feedback, incentives, instructional technology, and organization rede-sign—are reviewed from a performance technology perspectivee Reasons for their lack of success are discussed, in particular the schools' lack of interest in instructional design and technology. The most likely future reforms, those that involve the organizational redesign of schools, are discussed along with the impact such changes would have on the potential for applying performance technology in the schools. The paper concludes with actions that performance technologists in both business and academic environments can take to encourage the application of their technologies in the schools.     

Non-Athletic High-School Contests: 40,000 Orchestras 600,000 Debaters

Great teachers understand the fundamental difference between motivation and inspiration: motivation is self-focused and inspiration is other focused. Exceptional teachers guide students to greatness by inspiring them to discover where their talents and passions intersect. For today's besieged classroom teacher, the desire to motivate students often springs from a place of self-concern: "I want to change your behavior with a reward or incentive so that, if you meet the targets or goals I set for you, this will help me meet my own needs and goals." Students are highly motivated to perform when they first come to school. The question is not "how can students be motivated?" but rather, "how can educators be deterred from diminishing—even destroying—student motivation and morale through their policies and practices?"     

Student voice: Which supportive parental behaviours first-generation immigrant students in Australia find beneficial

There is considerable evidence that parents/guardians play an important role in their children's education. The supportive behaviours of parents have important implications for children's learning. However, most research in this area has focused primarily on the perspectives of school leaders, teachers and parents. One area that thus remains relatively under-studied is student perspectives on what constitutes beneficial parental supports. This research explores two case studies: one with primary school students, the other with secondary students. Both studies interviewed students from former-refugee and non-English speaking backgrounds who had recently settled with their families in Australia. The students were asked to reflect on supportive behaviours of their parents/guardians relating to their education. Findings suggest that despite many barriers, parents demonstrated high levels of support for their children's education. By foregrounding student voice, this study identifies several types of parental behaviours that students find most helpful for effective learning. These include: affirmation, role-modelling, backup supports, conversations and discussions, encouragement and advice, and decision-making and problem-solving. Students’ responses suggest that slightly different sets of behaviours may be required at primary and secondary levels. This study highlights the types of supportive parental behaviours which schools could encourage, to help parents maximise the impacts of their supports for students, so these students are enabled to achieve effective learning and—more broadly—educational and career aspirations.     

Teachers' use and children's preferences of rewards in elementary school

This study examined teacher reports of reward use and students' preferences for rewards across elementary school grades. Forty-eight urban elementary school teachers indicated which of four basic categories of rewards (edible, tangible, activity, and social rewards) they use in their classrooms and their evaluation of the effectiveness of these rewards for their age group of students. Ninety-eight second through fifth graders randomly selected to represent the students assigned to these teachers were individually administered a reward preference survey. Findings revealed high reward use by teachers. Children reported a wide variety of reward preferences, with no significant gender or age differences found. Additionally, there was no clear relationship between teacher use and children's preferences. Implications for intervention programming are discussed.     

Academics as rent seekers: distorted incentives in higher education,with reference to the South African case

The behavior of academics and academic institutions is examined through the concept of rent seeking, in which organizations or individuals expend resources to obtain ‘artificially contrived transfers’. International ranking systems, publication-based incentives, and grant awarding processes, all encourage and reward rent seeking behavior: participants engage in distorted, costly behavior to obtain rewards, including public funds, without regard to the social value of these activities. This may be especially damaging in developing countries. Detailed examples from South Africa's higher education system illustrate such behavior and its relation to policy. The paper concludes by sketching an outline of some possible solutions.     

Language as Sensuous Action: Sir Richard Paget,Kenneth Burke,and Gesture-Speech Theory

This somatic genealogy of Dramatism's core terms—symbolic action, attitude, identification—argues for the importance of keeping rhetoric, rhetorical theory, and rhetorical pedagogy more closely tied to bodies that generate, induce, and respond to rhetoric. It does so by examining Burke's use of Sir Richard Paget's theory that spoken language derives from the use and development of bodily gestures. An examination of Paget's theory in Burke's early work serves as a jarring reminder that rhetoric is always a joint performance of body and mind.     

Perceptions of rewarding excellence in teaching: motivation and the scholarship of teaching

This article explores the challenges presented in using the scholarship of teaching as a model of teaching excellence when devising an appropriate approach to reward. It argues that the complexity of staff motivation has to be addressed by a critical evaluation of institutions' commitment to the scholarship of teaching. An expectancy model of motivation drawn from organizational behaviour literature is suggested as an approach to analysing the distance between espoused commitment to the scholarship of teaching and academic staff perspectives. The context of the discussion is set against the background of the UK Government's approach to funding incentives to promote reward for teaching excellence in higher education and the literature related to practices employed in HEIs. The views of academic staff drawn from seven focus groups across all subject areas in one institution demonstrate the need to take account of the motivation process and the need to have a shared understanding of what constitutes excellence.     

Designs for Collective Cognitive Responsibility in Knowledge-Building Communities

This article reports a design experiment conducted over three successive school years, with the teacher's goal of having his Grade 4 students assume increasing levels of collective responsibility for advancing their knowledge of optics. Classroom practices conducive to sustained knowledge building were co-constructed by the teacher and students, with Knowledge Forum software supporting the production and refinement of the community's knowledge. Social network analysis and qualitative analyses were used to assess online participatory patterns and knowledge advances, focusing on indicators of collective cognitive responsibility. Data indicate increasingly effective procedures, mirrored in students' knowledge advances, corresponding to the following organizations: (a) Year 1—fixed small-groups; (b) Year 2—interacting small-groups with substantial cross-group knowledge sharing; and (c) Year 3—opportunistic collaboration, with small teams forming and disbanding under the volition of community members, based on emergent goals. The third-year model maps most directly onto organic and distributed social structures in real-world knowledge-creating organizations and resulted in the highest level of collective cognitive responsibility, knowledge advancement, and dynamic diffusion of information. Pedagogical and technological innovations to enculturate youth into a knowledge-creating culture, with classroom practices to encourage distributed and opportunistic collaboration, are discussed.     

Surveymania in HRD Program Evaluation

“Smile sheets” and other survey-like devices are favorites in human resource development program evaluations. Managers and clients are comfortable with and expect to see numerical data on the success of their programs— even if the numbers convey information that is misleading or that is of little use in making decisions about the program. The drawbacks of surveys themselves and of blind adherence to one evaluation method are explored. Both are considered as symptoms of a larger problem—unplanned evaluation that fails to deliver pertinent information based on decision-makers' needs. The evaluator's role in combating these problems is explored, and rules for the evaluation change-agent are presented along with supporting tools. The case of a corporate training department with a long history of poor or nonexistent evaluation planning and an overdependence on surveys illustrates the challenge facing HRD program evaluators.     

Women's Empowerment and Education: linking knowledge to transformative action

Women's empowerment is a concept that has acquired substantial recognition in the past decade. However, it is better known among international development organisations, NGOs, and grassroots groups than in academic circles. This article examines the concept of women's empowerment as a foundational element in a theory of social change in which the oppressed must be key actors in the change process. On the basis of empirical evidence, it highlights four dimensions of empowerment: economic, political, knowledge, and psychological. The knowledge dimension is fostered by one of the most respected and universal of institutions: formal education. Yet schools do not always provide friendly or even safe spaces for girls; moreover, the school curriculum emphasises academic subjects and avoids ‘life skills’ discussions. Most successful cases of empowerment through education have occurred in non-formal education programmes that specifically promote critical reflection on gendered social norms and encourage corrective responses. The article argues that the empowerment process must consider the close connection between the private and the public arenas, as the private space seriously constrains women's availability and possibilities for transformative action; therefore, both macro- and micro-level interventions are needed to create a modified gender division of labour. The promotion of agency — at both the individual and collective levels — plays a major role in the development of women's empowerment. Such a process requires the engagement of non-state actors, particularly women-led NGOs. The article ends with challenges for policy.     

Product Development as a Fuzzy Interface between Technical and Non-technical Education

Constantly changing markets mean that it is increasingly important to create new products and improve existing ones, and it is precisely in this area that overall product management must be most effective. All the areas involved—marketing, industrial design, engineering design and manufacturing—must be sufficiently inter-related so that each area becomes aware of the knowledge and requirements of the rest and, together, achieve the best results within the company's possibilities and the user's expectations.     

拓展行政奖励范围的法律思考

随着服务型政府、民主政治理念的不断推进,行政法领域在不断地探索新型模式来弱化行政权的强制性,而行政奖励作为一种缓和的、非强制的具体行政行为,被越来越多学者拟为研究对象。行政奖励制度的发展势必会激发行政相对人主动性和创造性,引导其按照政府指引来实践社会的经济、文化、科技等方面良性发展,从而更好的实现社会资源的优化配制。但如行政博弈理论所阐明的现状,传统理念的桎梏使得拓展行政奖励的范围尤为艰难。为了更好的将行政奖励引导和激励作用发挥出来,认为有必要加快行政奖励的研究和探索步伐,以下将从拓展行政奖励范围展开论述。     

Co-enrollment density predicts engineering students’ persistence and graduation: College networks and logistic regression analysis

College retention is a concern for educational institutions and researchers. This concern is particularly acute in engineering for reasons including workforce shortages, economic competitiveness, social justice, and socioeconomic equity. This study presents the evaluation of co-enrollment density (CeD) for engineering students at eight medium and large American public universities over 24 years. CeD is a novel metric estimated using enrollment records that may predict retention in 4-year bachelor of science programs in engineering. Graduation and persistence were fitted to CeD with logistic regression. Students in denser co-enrollment clusters—high CeD—tend to graduate more than their classmates in less dense neighborhoods—low CeD. The regression models predict graduation with odds ratio intervals 95 % CIs [3.24, 4.81] and area under the receiver operating curve [0.76, 0.80]. CeD is more sensitive to students who do not persist, particularly after the first year, so CeD’s cut-off points may be indicators for dropouts' risk.     

Contrasting Social and Cognitive Accounts on Overimitation: The Role of Causal Transparency and Prior Experiences

Three experiments (N = 100) examine the influence of causal information on overimitation. In Experiment 1, a transparent reward location reveals that the reward is unaffected by nonfunctional actions. When 5‐year‐olds observe an inefficient and subsequently an efficient strategy to retrieve a reward, they show overimitation in both phases—even though the reward is visible. In Experiment 2, children observe first the efficient then the inefficient strategy. The latter is always demonstrated communicatively, whereas the efficient strategy is presented communicatively (2a) or noncommunicatively (2b). Regardless of whether the efficient strategy is emphasized through communication or not, most children do not switch from the efficient to the inefficient strategy. Depending on the situation, children base their behavior on social motivations or causal information.     

Online self-assessment and peer-assessment as a tool to enhance student-teachers’ assessment skills

Self-assessment and peer-assessment are strategies employed to encourage students to take more responsibility for the learning process. Although the advantages are not obvious, the process has the potential to empower learning and to assist the development of assessment skills, which are so important for future teachers. The research aimed to identify student-teachers' attitudes concerning the contribution of self-assessment and anonymous peer-assessment to the quality of their assignments and improvement of their assessment skills, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The sample included 300 students studying for bachelor’s or master’s degrees. Texts that were analysed included: responses to a questionnaire, self and peer-assessments, word comments on the assignments and written blog content relating to students’ activities and their performance of peer evaluations. The students noted that they significantly benefitted from the process, learned various methods of assignment and assessment performance and it positioned them in relation to others, noticing how others evaluated them. Anonymous evaluation allowed students to overcome inhibitions in evaluating peers' works and improved their assessment skills.     

performance improvement

The Board of Directors of the International Society for Performance Improvement has identified top managers and executives as one of the population groups that are or should be represented in ISPI membership. In an effort to research these professionals, Performance Improvement is introducing a new feature — Executive Summaries. These are synopses of the feature articles in each issue. They will appear together on pages that can be copied and distributed to members of your organization who might not have time to read PI, but may benefit from the content of its articles. We encourage you to share summaries with managers and executives, as well as clients, team members, students, and other performance improvement professionals. Also — look for the summaries to appear on ISPI's Web Site soon.     

Training priority: Positive suggestions

“Keep the sand low, Mike, so it doesn't accidentally get in someone's eyes. That would hurt. Yes, like that — you and Jonathan are building some very long roads. Would a little water help you pack them smoothly?” This teacher's tone of voice is accepting, and her words show understanding of the lifelong learning process.