Judicial Splits: The Supreme Court’s New Message for Education

When the Supreme Court pronounces on race and education it makes headlines. On 28 June 2007 the Supreme Court revealed its long-anticipated decisions on Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 and Meredith v. Jefferson County, proving that maneuvering the minefield of America’s race relations is just as difficult and divisive as it has ever been. In this carefully constructed essay, George R. La Noue examines the details of these cases and the implications of their decisions on K–12 and higher education. The future role of race in admissions, scholarships, hiring, classes, housing, recruiting, and contracting are all discussed. Facts may be stubborn things, but for some justices constitutional law seems to be infinitely malleable. Divisions in the Supreme Court place increased importance on state constitutional initiatives. Professor La Noue warns that from a political standpoint, Americans need to reaffirm our core value that individuals have the right not be discriminated on the basis of race.

美国最高法院宪政进程研究

美国最高法院的发展折射出美国的宪政历史进程,反映出法制社会建成的持续和艰辛及美国社会的价值取向,也反映出司法权对一国宪政进程的重要影响。在这一过程中,司法的能动性得以充分体现,法官在进行宪法解释时,倾向于弱化遵循先例原则和政治决策者,更多地依赖独立判断,倾向于做出范围宽泛的判决意见,主张一种广泛的司法救济权,由此推进宪政的现代化。     

美国联邦最高法院与联邦制的变迁

自1787年宪法确立以来,美国的联邦制已经发生了很大的变化,早期的"二元联邦制"逐渐演变成了"合作联邦制".在这个过程中,联邦最高法院以扩张解释宪法规定的联邦权力、认可和实施国会立法等方式直接或间接地扩展了联邦的权力,是联邦制发展变迁过程中一支重要的力量.通过分析,可以看出联邦最高法院是解释和监督宪法实施的最重要部门,20世纪30年代以来联邦最高法院的制约功能有所萎缩,联邦最高法院的立场有很大的灵活性.     

Updating a Classic: “The Poisson Distribution and the Supreme Court” Revisited

W.A. Wallis studied vacancies in the US Supreme Court over a 96‐year period (1837–1932) and found that the distribution of the number of vacancies per year could be characterized by a Poisson model. This note updates this classic study.     

论美国最高法院与黑人选举权的平等保护

美国内战后形成的黑人选举权问题长期得不到解决,究其根源在于联邦体制的弊端。最高法院在不同时期,对黑人争取选举权的努力产生了不同影响,值得我们借鉴。     

最高人民法院作为刑法司法解释主体问题辨析

刑法司法解释的应然主体不应为法官个人,而应为作为法官整体的最高审判组织。尽管法官解释刑法的现象是存在的,而且是大量的,但不能由此推导出法官具有刑法司法解释权的结论。最高人民法院在法律系统中的集权,即最高人民法院的＂垄断解释权＂是完全有必要的。解释法律的集权胜于分权,如果地方法院都享有解释法律的职权,则统一适用法律就难以保障。最高人民法院具有刑法司法解释权也是完全必要的。     

从补救到多元:美国高等教育促进入学机会平等的理念变迁

以民权运动酝酿阶段为起始,美国开始实施积极差别待遇录取政策,以促进高等教育入学机会平等。纵观长达半个世纪的发展历程,该政策理念呈现出从补救性到多元化的逻辑变迁,即从补救历史歧视造成的影响到促成学生群体的多元化。这种变迁是高等教育与司法审查博弈的结果,其价值在于:体现了高等教育治理公共政策范式转型,为追求教育机会实质平等提供新的路径,利于培养民主的公共文化并促进社会融合。     

CIPA: A Brief History

Passed in 2000, the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) mandates Internet filtering for all public schools and libraries. Challenges to the law have been raised on constitutional grounds by free-speech advocates such as the American Library Association and the American Civil Liberties Union. After losing one such challenge in district court, the federal government appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, where the law was upheld in June 2003, though not without possible future concerns. CIPA has profound implications for K–12 school leaders and technology specialists, and a history of the law reveals much about its origins and purpose.     

Counselor Educators' Gatekeeping Responsibilities and Students' First Amendment Rights

In 2 recent legal cases, graduate counselor education students challenged the imposition of remediation plans as violating their First Amendment rights of freedom of speech and religion. With special emphasis on this recent litigation, the article examines the legal standards governing the authority of counselor educators at public colleges and universities, including professionalism and ethical rules as a part of curricular requirements to prohibit client discrimination based on sexual orientation.     

浅析最高人民法院司法解释的地位

最高人民法院司法解释在人民法院的审判实践中是一种重要的审判依据,是审判实践或实现司法公正的保障.由于其在我国司法实践中已经扮演类似法律渊源的角色,同时其地位在部分规定中得到肯定.因此,它具备列入我国法律渊源的条件,应该用法律的形式肯定其地位.同时,还要注意到它的不足并加以完善,只有这样最高人民法院司法解释才能更加合法合理,才能更好地保障司法公正.     

论死刑核准权的回归

死刑复核程序是严格控制和适用死刑一种特殊程序.《刑事诉讼法》规定:"死刑由最高人民法院核准".但为了适应同严重刑事犯罪作斗争的需要,死刑核准权曾长期下放,导致产生了很多弊端.2007年1月1日,死刑核准权收归最高人民法院统一行使,这是20多年来,我国对死刑适用程序所作的最重大调整,对国家法制建设的发展和进步,将产生重大和深远的影响.     

The Women Take Over: Oral argument,rhetorical skepticism,and the performance of feminist jurisprudence in Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt

Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt was the most important abortion case to come before the United States Supreme Court in 25 years. It was also the first time that three women were seated on the high court to hear a case that challenged the fundamental right to choose abortion. I investigate the questioning by Justices Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan at oral argument for Whole Women’s Health as a rhetorical enactment of feminist judging and argue that the rhetorical skepticism of the SCOTUS women—their persistent questioning, defiant expressions of doubt, and incredulous style—challenged the discursive boundaries of abortion jurisprudence and advanced a feminist demand that regulations to abortion rights receive heightened scrutiny from the courts. Importantly, Whole Women’s Health demonstrates how rhetorical skepticism may operate as a powerful mode of feminist legal invention—to disrupt the norms of legal reasoning and draw the traditions of legal discourse into doubt in order to authorize a discursive space for feminist legal judgment.     

传统与突破：论第一次世界大战期间德国的战争指导

史里芬计划是建立在对战争发展的错误估计之上的.史里芬指导战争的理念,是想依靠以贵族为中心的精英集团来赢得一场现代化的总体战争,观念落后于现实.兴登堡和鲁登道夫对德国的经济和社会进行了重组,以适应总体战争的需要,取得了显著成功,对战争和社会都产生了重大的影响.但德国最终还是失败了.隐藏在这背后的更深刻的原因,是德国缺乏必要的物质手段来完成它过分野心勃勃的战争目标.     

美国联邦最高法院在大学教师宪法权利保障中的作用

在美国高等教育与法律的关系中,大学教师宪法权利保障是最基本的问题之一.随着美国社会的发展和进步,特别是20世纪中期以后,联邦法院通过对一些涉及宪法问题的教育案件的审理对全国高等教育政策产生了影响,改进了大学教师的权利保障状况,维护了大学的学术自由和大学自治,促进了美国高等教育的发展.     

美国高等教育扶持行动的司法争议——对“密歇根诉讼案”及意义的分析

美国联邦最高法院对"密歇根诉讼案"的判决对于美国高等教育具有重要意义。"密歇根诉讼案"是美国高校实施扶持行动计划所引发的争议与矛盾不断激化的必然结果,联邦最高法院在审理中出现了巨大的意见分歧。判决结果一方面为高校实施扶持行动设定了"个体化审查"、"严格限制"等法律原则,一方面加强了对族群倾向性教育政策的限制。美国联邦最高法院对高等教育发展具有重要影响,但由于其特殊性,这种影响的发挥也受到了限制。     

Student Free Speech and Schools as Public Spaces

Free speech jurisprudence is caught between crediting the First Amendment rights of students when they resemble adults or restricting such rights when students seemingly act as children. In Morse v. Frederick (2007), the Supreme Court ruled against Joseph Frederick and his “Bong Hits 4 Jesus” banner because Frederick's speech seemed valueless as an adult act, as it lacked any discernible political value. In this essay, Neil Dhingra uses Hannah Arendt's thought to argue that schools should not be interpreted as political spaces but as social spaces where educational authorities should exercise forbearance as students such as Frederick learn to exercise their free speech rights. In particular, students will practice their First Amendment rights by exposing and exploring the discrepancy between appearance and reality, through dark forms of humor, and in forming different types of friendship, all of which schools are unlikely to be able to manage or interpret. Recognizing these unruly and quasi‐humorous forms of First Amendment practice helps make sense of Frederick's banner. Dhingra argues that in order to create space for students to develop freely — that is, without being subject to excessive scrutiny or succumbing to the danger of conformity, or both — schools should show a wide but not unlimited tolerance to speech like that of Frederick, which may otherwise be dismissed as childish and valueless “gibberish.”     

美国内战时期萨蒙·P·蔡斯的政治生涯

萨蒙·P·蔡斯,十九世纪美国著名政治家。内战时期出任联邦财政部长,为稳定财政、恢复联邦统一和废除黑奴制作出了贡献。因政治野心过大而声誉受损。1864年被任命为美国最高法院第六任首席大法官。     

信息时代的"战争与和平"

在信息时代 ,战争的根源、战争的主体、战争的规则、战争的特点、战争的形式等等 ,都发生了根本的变化。在信息战中 ,美、俄、日、伊和中国台海两岸都各有长处和短处。信息对抗和局部的信息战几乎是不可避免的 ,但全面的信息战必然给全人类带来毁灭性的灾难。为了保卫信息和平 ,中国必须抓紧和平时机 ,持续增长国民经济 ,建立自主的信息产业 ,推进民主政治和体制改革 ,大力培养和妥善使用信息人才。     

现代后勤战争与“风林火山”的精神

后勤管理在信息化战争时代,应具备“疾如风”的科技动员能力、“徐如林”的“信息流”与“物流”的协同能力、“不动如山”的配送与投放能力以及“侵掠如火”的爆发力。为此,应积累军民兼容的国防工业竞争力,加强防御态势的动员与爆发力,探讨发展军民兼容的国防工业与人才储备的方法。     

中国抗日战争对世界反法西斯战争的战略支援--纪念中国人民抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年

中国人民的抗日战争打乱了日本法西斯的侵略计划,延缓了德日法西斯的勾结;粉碎了日本"北上"进攻苏联的企图,支援了苏联人民的抗德卫国战争;迫使日本法西斯背着沉重的包袱发动太平洋战争,减轻了英、美在太平洋战场上的压力;为"先欧后亚"战略原则的最终实现和世界人民反法西斯战争的最后胜利做出了重大贡献.